﻿754 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  facients, 
  aphrodisiacs, 
  and 
  for 
  a 
  great 
  many 
  other 
  purposes, 
  in 
  infus- 
  

   ions, 
  for 
  massages, 
  and 
  in 
  other 
  ways, 
  depending 
  on 
  the 
  malady 
  or 
  

   on 
  the 
  objective 
  desired. 
  Bloodletting 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  pointed 
  flint, 
  

   hafted, 
  was 
  common 
  within 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  outside 
  of 
  shamanistic 
  practice 
  

   (Oyarztin, 
  1916-17, 
  pp. 
  61-62). 
  An 
  enema 
  syringe 
  was 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  

   bladder 
  of 
  an 
  animal 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  cane 
  tube 
  attached 
  thereto. 
  Kosales 
  

   (1877-78, 
  1 
  :324) 
  saw 
  an 
  Indian 
  give 
  water 
  boiled 
  with 
  bezoar 
  in 
  it 
  to 
  

   a 
  person 
  ill 
  of 
  heart 
  disease. 
  Sweat 
  baths 
  were 
  taken 
  as 
  follows, 
  

   according 
  to 
  Felix 
  Jose* 
  (1916, 
  1:236) 
  : 
  Wild 
  sage 
  or 
  other 
  plants 
  were 
  

   put 
  in 
  water 
  in 
  a 
  trough, 
  and 
  four 
  white-hot 
  stones 
  thrown 
  succes- 
  

   sively 
  into 
  the 
  trough 
  over 
  which 
  the 
  patient 
  placed 
  himself, 
  covered 
  

   with 
  blankets 
  or 
  clothing 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  sweat. 
  There 
  was 
  also 
  consider- 
  

   able 
  skill 
  in 
  handling 
  of 
  dislocations, 
  fractures, 
  and 
  wounds. 
  (For 
  

   details 
  on 
  medical 
  and 
  hygienic 
  practices, 
  cf. 
  Gusinde, 
  1916-17.) 
  

  

  Communication. 
  — 
  To 
  judge 
  from 
  the 
  mention 
  of 
  them 
  in 
  the 
  very 
  

   early 
  literature, 
  smoke 
  signaling 
  (Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  p. 
  116) 
  

   and 
  the 
  quipu 
  (Gonzalez 
  de 
  Najera, 
  1889, 
  p. 
  101; 
  Ovalle, 
  1888, 
  12:162) 
  

   were 
  pre-Hispanic. 
  The 
  quipu 
  (pron) 
  or 
  knotted 
  cord 
  was 
  used 
  for 
  

   a 
  number 
  of 
  purposes: 
  To 
  keep 
  accounts 
  of 
  livestock 
  and 
  records 
  of 
  

   events 
  (Ovalle, 
  loc.cit.; 
  Bullock, 
  1911, 
  p. 
  18); 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  number 
  

   of 
  days 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  summoned 
  representatives 
  or 
  warriors 
  

   would 
  assemble 
  for 
  war, 
  festival, 
  sport, 
  or 
  other 
  business; 
  to 
  keep 
  tab 
  

   of 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  days' 
  work 
  done, 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  payments 
  to 
  

   be 
  made 
  in 
  case 
  of 
  composition 
  for 
  murder 
  (Febres, 
  1882, 
  s.v. 
  pron; 
  

   Havestadt, 
  1883, 
  1:521, 
  2:755); 
  and 
  for 
  other 
  purposes. 
  

  

  Enumeration, 
  time 
  -reckoning, 
  and 
  measures. 
  — 
  Counting 
  was 
  by 
  

   the 
  decimal 
  system. 
  The 
  numbers 
  for 
  100 
  and 
  1,000 
  were 
  from 
  

   Quechua. 
  

  

  The 
  year 
  was 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  parts 
  by 
  the 
  December 
  and 
  June 
  

   solstices, 
  into 
  4 
  seasons, 
  and 
  into 
  12 
  lunar 
  months; 
  the 
  24-hour 
  day 
  

   into 
  10 
  or 
  12 
  parts. 
  Moesbach 
  (1936, 
  pp. 
  82-84) 
  lists 
  6 
  seasons 
  and 
  

   about 
  15 
  divisions 
  of 
  the 
  day. 
  The 
  time 
  of 
  day 
  was 
  calculated 
  by 
  

   the 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  sud 
  ; 
  of 
  night, 
  by 
  the 
  stars. 
  

  

  Various 
  lineal 
  measures 
  were 
  recognized 
  corresponding 
  more 
  or 
  

   less 
  to 
  our 
  span, 
  foot, 
  pace, 
  arm-length, 
  etc. 
  (Molina, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  177; 
  

   Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1898, 
  1 
  : 
  288) 
  ; 
  and 
  liquid 
  and 
  dry 
  measures 
  correspond- 
  

   ing 
  roughly 
  to 
  our 
  pint, 
  quart, 
  six-quarts, 
  etc. 
  (Molina, 
  ibid.). 
  

  

  Mental 
  derangement, 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  added, 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  milder 
  para- 
  

   taxes 
  or 
  graver 
  psychoses 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  uncommon, 
  at 
  least 
  

   in 
  recent 
  times 
  (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1913, 
  pp. 
  306-07). 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  OF 
  THE 
  PICUNCHE 
  

  

  Of 
  the 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Picunche, 
  the 
  Araucanian-speakmg 
  natives 
  

   who 
  formerly 
  occupied 
  the 
  region 
  from 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  to 
  the 
  

   Coast 
  and 
  from 
  Coquimbo 
  or 
  the 
  Choapa 
  to 
  the 
  Itata 
  Eiver 
  or 
  the 
  

  

  