﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  755 
  

  

  Bio-Bio 
  Kiver, 
  very 
  little 
  is 
  known. 
  Cultural 
  modifications 
  had 
  

   already 
  come 
  about 
  in 
  pre-Hispanic 
  times 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  both 
  of 
  Inca 
  

   occupation 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  and 
  of 
  other, 
  non- 
  

   Inca 
  influences. 
  Soon 
  after 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest, 
  from 
  1536 
  and 
  

   1540 
  on, 
  the 
  whole 
  region 
  suffered 
  radical 
  cultural 
  transformation. 
  

   The 
  early 
  chroniclers 
  have 
  left 
  us 
  only 
  the 
  most 
  fragmentary 
  data 
  on 
  

   pre-Hispanic 
  aboriginal 
  Picunche 
  culture, 
  Presumably, 
  it 
  was 
  of 
  the 
  

   same 
  general 
  pattern 
  as 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche 
  culture, 
  but 
  in 
  the 
  

   absence 
  of 
  specific 
  records 
  we 
  cannot 
  be 
  certain. 
  The 
  meager 
  informa- 
  

   tion 
  at 
  our 
  command 
  gives 
  evidence 
  of 
  considerable 
  identity, 
  but 
  also 
  

   of 
  some 
  divergence. 
  

  

  Irrigation 
  was 
  practiced 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  the 
  Rapel, 
  but 
  there 
  were 
  no 
  

   terraces 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Choapa 
  (Latcham, 
  1928 
  a, 
  pp. 
  135, 
  139). 
  Huts 
  

   were 
  commonly 
  of 
  wattle-and-daub 
  construction, 
  rectangular, 
  with 
  

   thatched 
  roofs 
  (Molina, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  122; 
  Latcham, 
  1928 
  a, 
  p. 
  138). 
  

  

  The 
  weapons 
  reported 
  as 
  having 
  been 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  " 
  valley 
  of 
  Mapu- 
  

   che" 
  (Mapocho, 
  near 
  modern 
  Santiago) 
  in 
  1541 
  by 
  the 
  natives 
  under 
  

   Michimalongo 
  were: 
  Atlatls, 
  bludgeons 
  with 
  metal 
  points, 
  short 
  

   lances, 
  pikes, 
  heavy 
  macanas, 
  very 
  big 
  bows 
  with 
  long 
  thin 
  arrows 
  

   (Marino 
  de 
  Lovera, 
  1865, 
  pp. 
  46-47) 
  ; 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  weapons 
  Inca 
  

   influence 
  may 
  be 
  suspected, 
  as 
  the 
  Inca 
  domination 
  extended 
  at 
  the 
  

   time 
  well 
  beyond 
  the 
  Mapocho. 
  

  

  Clothing 
  was 
  very 
  much 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche. 
  

  

  Mound 
  burials 
  are 
  found 
  archeologically 
  in 
  the 
  region, 
  with 
  the 
  body 
  

   resting 
  supine 
  or 
  on 
  the 
  side, 
  sometimes 
  face 
  downward; 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   burials 
  contain 
  undecorated 
  pottery; 
  others, 
  a 
  black 
  or 
  dark 
  pottery, 
  

   sometimes 
  polished 
  and 
  often 
  adorned 
  with 
  figures 
  of 
  men 
  and 
  animals 
  

   modeled 
  in 
  relief 
  (Latcham, 
  1928 
  a, 
  pp. 
  133, 
  135, 
  139). 
  

  

  On 
  Picunche 
  social 
  and 
  religious 
  culture, 
  we 
  have 
  no 
  definite 
  detailed 
  

   information. 
  (For 
  fuller 
  data 
  on 
  Picunche 
  culture, 
  cf. 
  Latcham, 
  

   1928 
  a, 
  ch. 
  7.) 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  OF 
  THE 
  ARGENTINE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  

  

  In 
  view 
  of 
  their 
  geographical 
  location 
  and 
  of 
  certain 
  cultural 
  affini- 
  

   ties, 
  the 
  16th-, 
  17th-, 
  and 
  early 
  18th-century 
  "Pehuenche" 
  of 
  Marino 
  

   de 
  Lovera, 
  Kosales, 
  and 
  Pietas, 
  living 
  south 
  of 
  about 
  lat. 
  37° 
  or 
  38° 
  S., 
  

   are 
  dealt 
  with 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  section 
  on 
  the" 
  Pehuenche" 
  ; 
  the 
  later 
  

   18th- 
  and 
  early 
  19th-century 
  il 
  Pehuenche 
  ,) 
  of 
  Molina, 
  Amat 
  y 
  Junient, 
  

   Carvallo 
  i 
  Goyeneche, 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz, 
  and 
  Poeppig, 
  living 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  

   uplands 
  and 
  eastern 
  slopes 
  between 
  about 
  lat. 
  34° 
  or 
  34° 
  30' 
  and 
  37° 
  

   or 
  38° 
  S., 
  in 
  the 
  present 
  section, 
  although 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  latter 
  "Pehuen- 
  

   che" 
  were 
  located 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  in 
  Chilean 
  territory. 
  

  

  Our 
  most 
  important 
  sources 
  on 
  the 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  Argentine 
  Arauca- 
  

   nians, 
  including 
  these 
  latter 
  ll 
  Pehuenche^ 
  with 
  dates 
  of 
  observation 
  

   where 
  such 
  are 
  determinable, 
  are: 
  Molina 
  (1878 
  a, 
  1878 
  b, 
  1901) 
  

  

  