﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  757 
  

  

  bing 
  their 
  bodies 
  to 
  cleanse 
  (D'Orbigny, 
  1835-47, 
  2:235; 
  Cox, 
  1863, 
  

   p. 
  174). 
  Tobacco 
  smoking 
  was 
  largely 
  a 
  secular 
  practice, 
  at 
  least 
  after 
  

   the 
  early 
  19th 
  century 
  (D'Orbigny, 
  1835-47, 
  2:241); 
  the 
  smoke 
  was 
  

   often 
  swallowed 
  so 
  as 
  to 
  produce 
  intoxication 
  (Guinnard, 
  1864, 
  pp. 
  

   149-50; 
  Cox, 
  1863, 
  p. 
  82; 
  Mansilla, 
  1877, 
  2:46; 
  cf. 
  Falkner, 
  1935, 
  p. 
  

   91), 
  a 
  custom, 
  however, 
  not 
  entirely 
  unknown 
  among 
  the 
  Chilean 
  

   Araucanians 
  (Guevara 
  Silva, 
  1911, 
  p. 
  280). 
  

  

  Some 
  camps 
  seen 
  by 
  Moreno 
  (1879, 
  p. 
  11) 
  contained 
  each 
  about 
  10 
  

   large 
  toldos 
  occupied 
  by 
  relatives 
  and 
  allies 
  of 
  the 
  principal 
  headman 
  

   of 
  the 
  group. 
  The 
  " 
  caciques" 
  listed 
  by 
  De 
  las 
  Casas 
  (1836-37, 
  5:95- 
  

   101) 
  had 
  each 
  from 
  6 
  to 
  30 
  warriors, 
  in 
  one 
  case 
  60, 
  under 
  them. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  Pehuenche 
  described 
  by 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz 
  (1836, 
  p. 
  58), 
  the 
  

   names 
  of 
  children, 
  both 
  boys 
  and 
  girls, 
  consisted 
  of 
  the 
  name 
  of 
  the 
  

   father 
  (the 
  name 
  of 
  his 
  "casa," 
  gotten 
  from 
  birth) 
  plus 
  an 
  adjectival 
  

   one 
  bestowed 
  by 
  the 
  child's 
  "padrino." 
  Among 
  Cox's 
  Pehuenche, 
  

   according 
  to 
  his 
  somewhat 
  confused 
  and 
  obscure 
  account 
  (1863, 
  pp. 
  

   142-43), 
  personal 
  names 
  consisted 
  of 
  two 
  words 
  — 
  one 
  of 
  them, 
  appar- 
  

   ently 
  a 
  kuga 
  name, 
  such 
  as 
  "lake," 
  "river," 
  "tiger," 
  etc. 
  — 
  but 
  the 
  

   names 
  of 
  fathers 
  and 
  sons 
  had 
  nothing 
  in 
  common. 
  A 
  married 
  woman 
  

   was 
  never 
  called 
  by 
  her 
  proper 
  name, 
  although 
  an 
  unmarried 
  girl 
  might 
  

   be 
  so 
  called 
  but 
  not 
  by 
  a 
  stranger. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  Guinnard 
  (1864, 
  pp. 
  130-33), 
  to 
  be 
  born 
  with 
  more 
  

   than 
  five 
  fingers 
  or 
  toes 
  was 
  an 
  omen 
  of 
  great 
  good 
  fortune 
  for 
  the 
  

   whole 
  family. 
  Deformed 
  infants 
  were 
  killed 
  by 
  breaking 
  their 
  bones 
  

   or 
  suffocating 
  them, 
  and 
  their 
  bodies 
  were 
  exposed 
  some 
  distance 
  off 
  

   to 
  the 
  wild 
  dogs 
  and 
  birds 
  of 
  prey. 
  Infants 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  ladderlike 
  

   cradle 
  (cf. 
  also 
  Nordenskiold, 
  1931 
  b, 
  p. 
  79) 
  ; 
  for 
  croup 
  they 
  were 
  given, 
  

   as 
  an 
  emetic, 
  a 
  mixture 
  of 
  putrefied 
  urine, 
  a 
  kind 
  of 
  "alcali," 
  and 
  

   gunpowder. 
  

  

  Three 
  or 
  four 
  types 
  of 
  first 
  menses 
  rites 
  are 
  reported 
  among 
  the 
  

   Argentine 
  Araucanians. 
  

  

  Among 
  the 
  Pehuenche 
  described 
  by 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz, 
  when 
  the 
  first 
  menses 
  

   occurred, 
  the 
  girl 
  notified 
  her 
  mother, 
  who 
  at 
  once 
  segregated 
  her 
  in 
  a 
  

   corner 
  of 
  the 
  toldo 
  with 
  the 
  injunction 
  not 
  to 
  lift 
  her 
  eyes 
  to 
  look 
  upon 
  

   any 
  man. 
  The 
  next 
  day 
  the 
  girl 
  was 
  taken 
  out 
  twice, 
  once 
  at 
  early 
  

   dawn 
  and 
  again 
  at 
  sunset, 
  by 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  women 
  and 
  made 
  to 
  run 
  swift- 
  

   ly 
  a 
  long 
  distance. 
  Early 
  the 
  third 
  day, 
  they 
  made 
  her 
  go 
  out 
  and 
  

   gather 
  three 
  bundles 
  of 
  firewood 
  and 
  place 
  them 
  in 
  three 
  separate 
  spots. 
  

   Then 
  all 
  the 
  Indians 
  were 
  invited 
  to 
  the 
  celebration 
  of 
  the 
  girl's 
  new 
  

   status. 
  (De 
  la 
  Cruz, 
  1836, 
  p. 
  62; 
  the 
  accounts 
  by 
  D'Orbigny, 
  1835- 
  

   47, 
  2:247-48; 
  and 
  Barbara, 
  1879, 
  pp. 
  175-76, 
  and 
  1930, 
  p. 
  39, 
  were 
  

   taken 
  from 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz.) 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  rite 
  described 
  by 
  Cox 
  (1863, 
  pp. 
  159-60) 
  for 
  the 
  u 
  Pehuenche' 
  1 
  

   north 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  Limay, 
  the 
  girl 
  notified 
  her 
  mother 
  or 
  nearest 
  kin, 
  

   who^in 
  turn 
  notified 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  family, 
  who 
  then 
  chose 
  his 
  best 
  

  

  