﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  ARAUCANIANS 
  — 
  COOPER 
  759 
  

  

  the 
  Supreme 
  Being 
  (Barbara, 
  1930, 
  p. 
  49) 
  and 
  of 
  "Gualichu" 
  for 
  

   wekufu. 
  Gualichu 
  was 
  used, 
  according 
  to 
  Lehmann-Nitsche's 
  field 
  

   studies 
  (1922, 
  p. 
  30), 
  not 
  among 
  themselves, 
  but 
  only 
  when 
  talking 
  

   with 
  Spanish-speaking 
  people. 
  The 
  Supreme 
  Being 
  of 
  the 
  Argentine 
  

   Araucanians 
  appears 
  to 
  be 
  more 
  closely 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  sun 
  than 
  

   among 
  the 
  Mapuche-Huilliche. 
  Oaths 
  to 
  fulfill 
  agreements 
  were 
  

   made 
  to 
  the 
  sun 
  (Cox, 
  1863, 
  p. 
  88; 
  Milanesio, 
  1898, 
  p. 
  41). 
  

  

  Balls 
  of 
  hardened 
  hair 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  bodies 
  of 
  cattle, 
  and 
  gravelly 
  

   formations 
  from 
  horse 
  kidneys, 
  were 
  preserved 
  as 
  charms 
  (Guinnard, 
  

   1864, 
  pp. 
  243-44). 
  

  

  CULTURE 
  OF 
  THE 
  PEHUENCHE 
  

  

  Our 
  chief 
  original 
  sources, 
  with 
  dates 
  of 
  observation, 
  on 
  the 
  culture 
  

   of 
  the 
  " 
  Pehuenche" 
  are 
  the 
  following: 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera 
  (1865), 
  

   1562-63; 
  Rosales 
  (1877-78), 
  1650-53; 
  Pietas 
  (1846), 
  1729; 
  Amat 
  y 
  

   Junient 
  (1927), 
  ca. 
  1760; 
  Molina 
  (1901), 
  before 
  1767-68; 
  Carvallo 
  i 
  

   Goyeneche 
  (1876), 
  last 
  third 
  of 
  18th 
  century; 
  Sors 
  (1921), 
  ca. 
  

   1765-80; 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz 
  (1836), 
  1806; 
  Poeppig 
  (1835-36), 
  1828. 
  (Cf. 
  

   most 
  of 
  data 
  assembled 
  by 
  Latcham, 
  1929-30, 
  63:150-72.) 
  It 
  is 
  far 
  

   from 
  clear, 
  however, 
  whether 
  all 
  these 
  writers 
  were 
  referring 
  to 
  the 
  

   same 
  ethnic 
  entity, 
  for 
  "Pehuenche 
  " 
  as 
  previously 
  noted, 
  was 
  used 
  

   in 
  a 
  very 
  loose 
  sense, 
  ordinarily 
  to 
  denote 
  peoples 
  living 
  near 
  or 
  in 
  

   the 
  Andes 
  who 
  drew 
  largely 
  on 
  the 
  Araucaria 
  imbricata 
  for 
  their 
  

   sustenance. 
  

  

  From 
  their 
  location, 
  between 
  about 
  lat. 
  34° 
  and 
  37° 
  S., 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   from 
  the 
  linguistic 
  and 
  cultural 
  evidence, 
  it 
  appears 
  probable 
  that 
  

   the 
  " 
  Pehuenche 
  " 
  described 
  by 
  Amat 
  y 
  Junient, 
  Molina, 
  Carvallo 
  i 
  

   Goyeneche, 
  De 
  la 
  Cruz, 
  and 
  Poeppig 
  were 
  all 
  one 
  and 
  the 
  same 
  people. 
  

   Their 
  culture 
  was 
  dealt 
  with 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  section 
  on 
  Argentine 
  

   Araucanians. 
  We 
  shall 
  confine 
  treatment 
  in 
  this 
  section 
  to 
  the 
  cul- 
  

   ture 
  of 
  the 
  Pehuenche 
  described 
  by 
  the 
  three 
  earlier 
  of 
  the 
  above- 
  

   listed 
  sources. 
  

  

  These 
  latter 
  "Pehuenche" 
  lived 
  somewhat 
  farther 
  south, 
  from 
  about 
  

   lat. 
  37° 
  to 
  40° 
  or 
  41° 
  S., 
  within 
  the 
  general 
  range 
  of 
  the 
  Araucaria 
  

   imbricata, 
  kept 
  well 
  up 
  in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  intercordilleran 
  

   valleys, 
  and 
  differed 
  in 
  some 
  specific 
  cultural 
  respects 
  from 
  the 
  

   Mapuche-Huilliche. 
  To 
  judge 
  from 
  the 
  location 
  of 
  these 
  "Pehuenche" 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  from 
  the 
  cultural 
  data, 
  as 
  recorded 
  by 
  our 
  three 
  sources, 
  

   there 
  is 
  at 
  least 
  an 
  even 
  chance 
  that 
  they 
  all 
  represent 
  the 
  same 
  ethnic 
  

   entity, 
  but 
  this 
  is 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  certain, 
  in 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  known 
  mobility 
  

   of 
  population 
  in 
  the 
  area 
  in 
  question, 
  especially 
  around 
  and 
  after 
  the 
  

   beginning 
  of 
  the 
  18th 
  century. 
  

  

  The 
  chief 
  food 
  staple, 
  until 
  at 
  least 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  Pietas, 
  was 
  Araucaria 
  

   imbricata, 
  pifions, 
  from 
  which, 
  according 
  to 
  Marino 
  de 
  Lovera 
  (1865, 
  

   p. 
  268) 
  the 
  natives 
  made 
  "bread, 
  wine, 
  and 
  dishes"— 
  a 
  statement 
  

  

  