﻿762 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  nal 
  home 
  and 
  gradually 
  invade 
  an 
  extensive 
  plain, 
  which 
  they 
  settle 
  

   without 
  violent 
  struggle 
  or 
  population 
  displacement. 
  This 
  ethnic 
  

   replacement 
  was 
  accompanied 
  by 
  a 
  process 
  of 
  adaptation 
  and 
  fusion, 
  

   through 
  which 
  a 
  population 
  that 
  originally 
  possessed 
  an 
  Andean 
  

   culture 
  was 
  transformed, 
  doubtless 
  by 
  the 
  impact 
  of 
  a 
  new 
  environ- 
  

   ment, 
  into 
  a 
  people 
  who 
  lived 
  on 
  cattle 
  raising, 
  collecting 
  wild 
  foods, 
  

   and 
  pillage. 
  

  

  The 
  Araucanians 
  were 
  the 
  native 
  peoples 
  of 
  Chile, 
  dwelling 
  origin- 
  

   nally 
  in 
  the 
  plains 
  between 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  the 
  sea, 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Atacama. 
  

   Father 
  Luis 
  de 
  Valdivia, 
  the 
  first 
  to 
  write 
  a 
  grammar 
  and 
  lexicon 
  of 
  

   their 
  language, 
  gives 
  in 
  his 
  book 
  published 
  inl606 
  a 
  good 
  delineation 
  

   of 
  the 
  area 
  which 
  Araucanian-speakmg 
  Indians 
  then 
  inhabited. 
  In 
  

   addition 
  to 
  stating 
  that 
  "in 
  the 
  entire 
  realm 
  of 
  Chile 
  there 
  was 
  no 
  

   other 
  language," 
  he 
  added 
  that 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  extended 
  from 
  

   Coquimbo, 
  in 
  the 
  north, 
  to 
  Chiloe 
  in 
  the 
  south, 
  and 
  "from 
  the 
  foot 
  of 
  

   the 
  great 
  snowy 
  Cordillera 
  to 
  the 
  sea." 
  According 
  to 
  this 
  and 
  other 
  

   early 
  records, 
  the 
  habitat 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  Araucanians 
  did 
  not 
  include 
  

   the 
  Cordillera 
  but 
  was 
  within 
  the 
  limits 
  indicated 
  above. 
  

  

  East 
  of 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  distributed 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  south 
  in 
  what 
  is 
  

   today 
  Argentine 
  territory, 
  and 
  partly 
  in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  itself, 
  were 
  

   three 
  close 
  neighbors 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians. 
  These 
  were 
  distinct 
  peoples, 
  

   who 
  were 
  related 
  to 
  one 
  another 
  and 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  same 
  linguistic 
  

   group, 
  the 
  Huarpe-Comechingon. 
  They 
  differed 
  from 
  the 
  people 
  of 
  

   Chile 
  in 
  appearance, 
  language, 
  and 
  culture. 
  We 
  are 
  especially 
  inter- 
  

   ested 
  in 
  the 
  southernmost 
  of 
  these 
  non-Araucanian 
  peoples, 
  who, 
  

   because 
  they 
  dwelt 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  region 
  of 
  pine 
  groves, 
  were 
  com- 
  

   monly 
  called 
  Pehuenche 
  (in 
  Araucanian, 
  pehuen, 
  "pine,"+che, 
  "peo- 
  

   ple"). 
  This 
  group 
  of 
  mountaineers 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  to 
  be 
  Araucanized, 
  

   that 
  is, 
  it 
  was 
  the 
  first 
  of 
  those 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  which 
  

   received 
  their 
  influence 
  and 
  infiltrations. 
  

  

  Numerous 
  facts, 
  in 
  addition 
  to 
  language, 
  already 
  mentioned, 
  clearly 
  

   prove 
  that 
  the 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  the 
  pine 
  forests, 
  though 
  later 
  Araucanian, 
  

   did 
  not 
  originally 
  belong 
  to 
  this 
  group. 
  Thus, 
  the 
  Chilean 
  chronicler 
  

   Marino 
  de 
  Lovera 
  related 
  that 
  a 
  Spanish 
  reconnaissance 
  expedition 
  

   made 
  in 
  1563 
  under 
  the 
  leadership 
  of 
  Pedro 
  de 
  Leiva 
  discovered 
  a 
  type 
  

   of 
  people 
  in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  who 
  differed 
  from 
  that 
  of 
  Chile 
  in 
  being 
  

   taller 
  and 
  thinner 
  and 
  in 
  subsisting 
  on 
  nuts 
  of 
  the 
  Araucaria 
  pine 
  

   {Araucaria 
  imbricata) 
  . 
  Later, 
  the 
  Chilean 
  anthropologist, 
  R. 
  E. 
  Lat- 
  

   cham, 
  found 
  vestiges 
  of 
  this 
  ancient, 
  tall, 
  and 
  dolicocephalic 
  population 
  

   both 
  among 
  the 
  short 
  brachycephals 
  who 
  inhabited 
  the 
  region 
  toward 
  

   the 
  end 
  of 
  the 
  last 
  century 
  and 
  in 
  ancient 
  burial 
  grounds 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  

   area. 
  

  

  This 
  earliest 
  tall, 
  thin, 
  dolicocephalic 
  people, 
  who 
  neither 
  spoke 
  

   Araucanian 
  nor 
  cultivated 
  the 
  soil, 
  and 
  whose 
  ancient 
  habitat 
  coin- 
  

   cides 
  approximately 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Araucaria 
  pine, 
  i. 
  e., 
  the 
  Cordil- 
  

  

  