﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  IN 
  ECUADOR 
  — 
  COLLIER 
  769 
  

  

  the 
  more 
  fascinating 
  occupation 
  of 
  pointing 
  out 
  Middle 
  American 
  

   connections 
  and 
  tracing 
  Mayan 
  and 
  Chorotegan 
  migrations 
  to 
  the 
  coast 
  

   of 
  Ecuador. 
  (Cf. 
  bibliography 
  for 
  Uhle's 
  most 
  important 
  papers.) 
  

  

  Kecently 
  (1940-43), 
  Edwin 
  N. 
  Ferdon, 
  Jr., 
  carried 
  out 
  an 
  extensive 
  

   archeological 
  survey, 
  mainly 
  in 
  the 
  Provinces 
  of 
  Guayas, 
  Manabi, 
  and 
  

   Esmeraldas 
  (Ferdon, 
  1940, 
  1940-41), 
  and 
  excavated 
  at 
  a 
  large 
  site 
  at 
  

   La 
  Libertad, 
  Guayas 
  (1941 
  a, 
  1941 
  b). 
  In 
  1941, 
  Collier 
  and 
  Murra 
  

   established 
  a 
  stratigraphic 
  ceramic 
  sequence 
  at 
  Cerro 
  Narrio, 
  Cafiar 
  

   (Collier 
  and 
  Murra, 
  1943). 
  

  

  Despite 
  the 
  considerable 
  amount 
  of 
  archeological 
  work 
  in 
  Ecuador 
  

   accomplished 
  in 
  the 
  past 
  60 
  years, 
  only 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  part 
  of 
  

   which 
  has 
  been 
  mentioned 
  in 
  the 
  preceding 
  paragraphs, 
  there 
  remain 
  

   tremendous 
  gaps 
  in 
  our 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  (map 
  6) 
  . 
  The 
  entire 
  

   Oriente, 
  the 
  Provinces 
  of 
  Cotopaxi, 
  Bolivar, 
  Los 
  Rios, 
  El 
  Oro, 
  and 
  parts 
  

   of 
  Pichincha, 
  Esmeraldas, 
  and 
  Loja 
  are 
  completely 
  unknown. 
  For 
  

   the 
  areas 
  where 
  excavation 
  has 
  been 
  accomplished 
  we 
  lack, 
  with 
  a 
  few 
  

   exceptions, 
  adequate 
  published 
  descriptions 
  of 
  what 
  was 
  found. 
  The 
  

   problem 
  of 
  stratigraphic 
  cultural 
  sequences 
  has 
  barely 
  been 
  attacked. 
  

  

  THE 
  HIGHLAND 
  REGION 
  

   CARCHI 
  PROVINCE 
  

  

  Distinctive 
  archeological 
  remains 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  Carchi 
  and 
  in 
  

   the 
  adjoining 
  portion 
  of 
  Colombia 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  Pasto. 
  This 
  region 
  

   has 
  been 
  investigated 
  by 
  Rivet 
  (Verneau 
  and 
  Rivet, 
  1912-22), 
  

   Gonzalez 
  Suarez 
  (1910), 
  Uhle 
  (1928 
  a, 
  1933), 
  and 
  Grijalva 
  (1937). 
  

  

  The 
  characteristic 
  prehistoric 
  habitation 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  was 
  a 
  circular 
  

   structure, 
  locally 
  called 
  a 
  bohio, 
  with 
  thick 
  earthen 
  walls 
  about 
  4^ 
  feet 
  

   (1.5 
  m.) 
  high, 
  and 
  probably 
  with 
  a 
  conical 
  roof 
  of 
  thatch 
  supported 
  by 
  

   one 
  or 
  more 
  center 
  posts. 
  These 
  houses 
  are 
  usually 
  15 
  to 
  30 
  feet 
  (5 
  to 
  

   10 
  m.) 
  in 
  diameter, 
  but 
  sometimes 
  are 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  125 
  feet 
  (40 
  m.) 
  

   across. 
  They 
  are 
  found 
  irregularly 
  arranged 
  in 
  groups 
  of 
  20 
  to 
  80 
  

   houses. 
  

  

  Carchi 
  is 
  famous 
  for 
  its 
  elaborate 
  tombs. 
  The 
  most 
  interesting 
  

   forms 
  have 
  been 
  well 
  illustrated 
  by 
  Verneau 
  and 
  Rivet 
  (1912-22, 
  pp. 
  

   1 
  15-23) 
  . 
  In 
  many 
  cases, 
  a 
  single 
  tomb 
  is 
  excavated 
  in 
  the 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  

   floor 
  of 
  a 
  bohio, 
  while 
  in 
  others 
  there 
  are 
  several 
  tombs 
  in 
  various 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  house 
  floor. 
  In 
  other 
  places, 
  as 
  at 
  El 
  Angel, 
  the 
  tombs 
  are 
  in 
  a 
  

   separate 
  cemetery 
  located 
  near 
  a 
  group 
  of 
  bohios. 
  In 
  simplest 
  form, 
  

   these 
  tombs 
  consist 
  of 
  a 
  circular 
  shaft 
  about 
  4K 
  feet 
  (1.5 
  m.) 
  in 
  

   diameter 
  and 
  6 
  to 
  15 
  feet 
  (2 
  to 
  5 
  m.) 
  deep, 
  at 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  

   lateral 
  niche 
  containing 
  a 
  single 
  body. 
  Some 
  tombs 
  containing 
  mul- 
  

   tiple 
  burials 
  are 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  8 
  to 
  9 
  feet 
  (2.5 
  to 
  3 
  m.) 
  in 
  diameter 
  and 
  26 
  

   to 
  33 
  feet 
  (8 
  to 
  10 
  m.) 
  deep, 
  and 
  have 
  niches 
  in 
  the 
  walls 
  at 
  various 
  

   heights 
  and 
  a 
  larger 
  niche 
  at 
  the 
  bottom. 
  There 
  may 
  be 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  

  

  