﻿772 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Guano, 
  Elen 
  Pata, 
  Huavalac, 
  and 
  Inca. 
  The 
  three 
  final 
  pre-Jnca 
  

   Periods, 
  which 
  are 
  closely 
  related, 
  are 
  included 
  by 
  Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamano 
  

   under 
  the 
  general 
  term 
  Puruhd 
  and 
  are 
  attributed 
  to 
  the 
  Puruhd 
  

   Indians. 
  

  

  The 
  earliest 
  period, 
  Proto-Panzaleo 
  I, 
  was 
  identified 
  at 
  Macaji 
  in 
  

   Chimborazo 
  (Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  1927, 
  1: 
  9-19). 
  This 
  site 
  was 
  a 
  hill 
  

   containing 
  refuse 
  deposits 
  and 
  houses 
  built 
  of 
  unworked 
  stones 
  set 
  in 
  

   mud 
  mortar. 
  The 
  pottery 
  consisted 
  of 
  unpainted 
  bowls, 
  jars, 
  compo- 
  

   teras, 
  and 
  tripod 
  vessels 
  decorated 
  with 
  parallel 
  incised 
  lines 
  having 
  

   a 
  "combed" 
  appearance 
  (fig. 
  86, 
  a). 
  Charred 
  maize, 
  stone 
  metates 
  

   and 
  manos, 
  and 
  llama 
  and 
  guinea 
  pig 
  bones 
  were 
  also 
  found. 
  3 
  

  

  Proto-Panzaleo 
  II, 
  although 
  found 
  in 
  Chimborazo, 
  was 
  best 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  at 
  Santa 
  Elena 
  cemetery 
  near 
  Ambato 
  (Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  1927, 
  

   1:19-26). 
  The 
  graves 
  were 
  circular 
  pits, 
  3 
  to 
  6 
  feet 
  (1 
  to 
  2 
  m.) 
  deep, 
  

   and 
  contained 
  stone 
  metates 
  and 
  manos, 
  and 
  an 
  abundance 
  of 
  pottery. 
  

   Typical 
  shapes 
  were 
  bowls, 
  jars, 
  compoteras, 
  and 
  tripods. 
  Some 
  of 
  

   these 
  were 
  unpainted 
  and 
  bore 
  incised 
  designs 
  of 
  the 
  Proto-Panzaleo 
  

   I 
  type. 
  Others 
  were 
  decorated 
  with 
  simple 
  bands 
  in 
  red 
  or 
  black, 
  or 
  

   with 
  negative 
  designs 
  (fig. 
  86, 
  6, 
  c). 
  4 
  

  

  Kemains 
  of 
  the 
  Tuncahuan 
  Period 
  were 
  found 
  in 
  Chimborazo 
  at 
  

   Tuncahuan 
  (near 
  Guano) 
  and 
  at 
  Guano 
  (Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  1927> 
  

   1:26-37). 
  Typical 
  shapes 
  in 
  Tuncahuan 
  pottery 
  were 
  bowls, 
  jars 
  ; 
  

   and 
  compoteras 
  (fig. 
  86, 
  d, 
  e), 
  but 
  there 
  were 
  no 
  tripods. 
  The 
  manner 
  

   of 
  painting 
  these 
  vessels 
  is 
  described 
  as 
  follows 
  (Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  

   1930, 
  pp. 
  162-64): 
  

  

  The 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  [pottery] 
  of 
  Tuncahudn 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  a 
  peculiar 
  technique 
  — 
  

   negative 
  decoration 
  with 
  overpaint; 
  that 
  is, 
  the 
  vessels 
  have 
  been 
  ornamented 
  

   first 
  through 
  a 
  lost 
  color 
  procedure 
  [in 
  black], 
  and 
  then 
  adorned 
  with 
  red, 
  yellow 
  or 
  

   white 
  transparent 
  paint, 
  often 
  without 
  obscuring 
  the 
  negative 
  design, 
  but 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  making 
  mistakes 
  in 
  covering 
  the 
  negative 
  figures 
  with 
  paint 
  or 
  ignoring 
  

   these 
  figures 
  completely. 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  when 
  the 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  [overpaint] 
  is 
  applied 
  without 
  

   ignoring 
  the 
  negative 
  design, 
  its 
  purpose 
  is 
  to 
  complement 
  this 
  design. 
  

  

  Associated 
  with 
  Tuncahuan 
  pottery 
  in 
  a 
  grave 
  was 
  a 
  spear 
  thrower, 
  

   a 
  tupu, 
  and 
  other 
  ornaments 
  of 
  copper. 
  How 
  extensively 
  metal 
  was 
  

   used 
  during 
  this 
  period 
  is 
  not 
  clear. 
  5 
  

  

  The 
  Guano 
  Period 
  was 
  found 
  at 
  San 
  Sebastian 
  near 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  

   Guano 
  (Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  1927, 
  1:37-60). 
  Associated 
  with 
  stone 
  

   houses 
  with 
  thatched 
  roofs 
  were 
  maize, 
  llama 
  bones, 
  and 
  pottery. 
  

   Common 
  forms 
  of 
  pottery 
  were 
  bowls, 
  compoteras, 
  tripods 
  with 
  hoja 
  

  

  3 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano 
  (1930, 
  p. 
  141) 
  believes 
  that 
  Proto-Panzaleo 
  I 
  has 
  the 
  following 
  distribution 
  in 
  Ecua- 
  

   dor: 
  Manabi, 
  Daule 
  Valley 
  (Guayas) 
  , 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  Sierra 
  from 
  Tungurahua 
  to 
  Canar. 
  

  

  « 
  Proto-Panzaleo 
  II, 
  according 
  to 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano 
  (1930, 
  pp. 
  141-42), 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Manabi, 
  Imbabura, 
  

   Pichincha, 
  Cotopaxi, 
  Tungurahua, 
  Chimborazo, 
  and 
  Loja. 
  

  

  4 
  Tuncahuan 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  be 
  found 
  in 
  Esmeraldas, 
  Manabi, 
  Charchi, 
  Chimborazo, 
  Canar, 
  Azuay, 
  and 
  prob- 
  

   ably 
  in 
  Guayas 
  and 
  El 
  Oro 
  (Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano, 
  1930, 
  p. 
  142). 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamano 
  (1927, 
  1:121-22) 
  believes 
  

   that 
  Carchi 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  Chimborazo 
  in 
  the 
  south 
  were 
  distinct 
  Tuncahuan 
  centers 
  displaying 
  special- 
  

   ized 
  differences 
  in 
  pottery 
  (e.g., 
  the 
  large, 
  elongated 
  Tuncahuan 
  anforas 
  found 
  in 
  Carchi 
  but 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  

   south, 
  and 
  short 
  pedestals 
  of 
  compoteras 
  in 
  Carchi 
  as 
  contrasted 
  with 
  tall 
  pedestals 
  in 
  Chimborazo). 
  

  

  