﻿782 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Atacames 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  numerous 
  clay 
  tubes. 
  The 
  lower 
  ends 
  

   rested 
  in 
  large 
  jars 
  and 
  the 
  upper 
  ends 
  were 
  covered 
  by 
  similar 
  inverted 
  

   jars. 
  These 
  tubes 
  were 
  apparently 
  associated 
  with 
  burials. 
  Similar 
  

   tubes 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  at 
  various 
  places 
  on 
  the 
  Esmeraldas 
  Coast. 
  

  

  The 
  clay 
  figurines 
  are 
  probably 
  the 
  outstanding 
  feature 
  of 
  this 
  

   archeological 
  region. 
  They 
  vary 
  from 
  a 
  few 
  to 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  12 
  inches 
  

   (30 
  cm.) 
  in 
  height. 
  Many 
  were 
  made 
  in 
  molds 
  but 
  some 
  were 
  evi- 
  

   dently 
  modeled 
  by 
  hand. 
  Incised 
  decorations 
  on 
  them 
  are 
  charac- 
  

   teristic. 
  Frequent 
  forms 
  are 
  female 
  human 
  figures 
  in 
  a 
  state 
  of 
  

   pregnancy 
  or 
  delivering 
  a 
  child, 
  and 
  human 
  figures 
  with 
  animal 
  heads. 
  

   The 
  human 
  figures 
  usually 
  have 
  nose, 
  cheek, 
  and 
  chin 
  ornaments. 
  A 
  

   figurine 
  type 
  depicting 
  a 
  human 
  head 
  protruding 
  from 
  the 
  open 
  jaws 
  

   of 
  an 
  animal 
  mask 
  is 
  of 
  special 
  interest. 
  Bird-whistles 
  with 
  holes 
  in 
  

   the 
  tail 
  are 
  also 
  common. 
  

  

  There 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  certain 
  differences 
  between 
  the 
  archeological 
  

   remains 
  of 
  Esmeraldas 
  and 
  Manabl. 
  The 
  seats 
  and 
  elaborate 
  stone 
  

   carving, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  stone 
  structures, 
  are 
  absent 
  in 
  Esmeraldas. 
  On 
  

   the 
  other 
  hand, 
  stone 
  tools 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  more 
  numerous 
  in 
  Esmeraldas 
  

   than 
  in 
  Manabi, 
  while 
  the 
  reverse 
  is 
  true 
  of 
  spindle 
  whorls. 
  There 
  

   seem 
  to 
  be 
  differences 
  in 
  figurines 
  and 
  pottery 
  in 
  general 
  between 
  the 
  

   two 
  regions, 
  but 
  at 
  present 
  a 
  fruitful 
  comparison 
  cannot 
  be 
  made. 
  

  

  EARLY 
  MAN 
  IN 
  ECUADOR 
  

  

  In 
  1923, 
  a 
  human 
  skull 
  was 
  discovered 
  in 
  the 
  fossil-bearing 
  stratum 
  

   near 
  Punin 
  in 
  Chimborazo 
  Province 
  (Sullivan 
  and 
  Hellman, 
  1925). 
  

   This 
  stratum 
  contained 
  the 
  bones 
  of 
  the 
  horse, 
  mastodon, 
  and 
  other 
  

   Pleistocene 
  mammals. 
  The 
  Punin 
  calvarium 
  is 
  of 
  Australoid 
  type 
  and 
  

   shows 
  significant 
  resemblances 
  to 
  the 
  Lagoa-Santa 
  skull 
  from 
  Brazil. 
  

   The 
  skeletal 
  remains 
  found 
  by 
  Rivet 
  in 
  caves 
  at 
  Paltacalo 
  in 
  Canton 
  

   Saraguro 
  (Loja) 
  are 
  also 
  of 
  the 
  Lagoa-Santa 
  type 
  (Anthony 
  and 
  Rivet, 
  

   1908; 
  Rivet, 
  1908). 
  In 
  neither 
  of 
  these 
  finds 
  was 
  there 
  associated 
  

   cultural 
  material. 
  Uhle 
  (1928 
  b) 
  has 
  reported 
  a 
  dubious 
  association 
  

   of 
  potsherds 
  and 
  chipped-stone 
  tools 
  with 
  mastodon 
  bones 
  at 
  Alangasi, 
  

   near 
  Quito. 
  There 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  no 
  question 
  that 
  man 
  was 
  present 
  in 
  

   Ecuador, 
  as 
  in 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  South 
  America, 
  before 
  the 
  extinction 
  of 
  

   certain 
  mammalian 
  forms 
  typical 
  of 
  the 
  Pleistocene, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  at 
  

   present 
  no 
  basis 
  for 
  assigning 
  an 
  age 
  to 
  this 
  earliest 
  human 
  horizon. 
  

   (See 
  McCown, 
  Early 
  Man, 
  Handbook, 
  vol. 
  5.) 
  

  

  CHRONOLOGY 
  AND 
  WIDER 
  RELATIONSHIPS 
  

  

  Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamafio 
  has 
  assigned 
  tentative 
  dates 
  to 
  his 
  relative 
  chro- 
  

   nology 
  for 
  Ecuador 
  (1927, 
  2: 
  182, 
  note 
  2). 
  He 
  believes 
  that 
  Proto- 
  

   Panzaleo 
  I 
  and 
  II 
  date 
  from 
  before 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  the 
  Christian 
  era, 
  

   Tuncahuan 
  from 
  1-750 
  A. 
  D., 
  and 
  the 
  Puruha 
  Periods 
  from 
  750-1450 
  

   A. 
  D. 
  Uhle 
  assigns 
  a 
  similar 
  antiquity 
  to 
  Ecuadorean 
  cultures. 
  He 
  

  

  