﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  IN 
  ECUADOR 
  — 
  COLLIER 
  783 
  

  

  believes, 
  for 
  example, 
  that 
  his 
  "Maya" 
  Period 
  in 
  Cafiar 
  and 
  Azuay 
  is 
  

   earlier 
  than 
  500 
  A. 
  D. 
  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  stratigraphic 
  sequence 
  at 
  

   Cerro 
  Narrio 
  it 
  would 
  appear 
  that 
  Uhle's 
  "Maya" 
  Period 
  there 
  

   (Early 
  Cerro 
  Narrio) 
  is 
  not 
  earlier 
  than 
  1000 
  A. 
  D. 
  and 
  may 
  be 
  as 
  

   late 
  as 
  1200 
  A. 
  D. 
  Furthermore, 
  the 
  intrusion 
  in 
  Late 
  Cerro 
  Narrio 
  

   of 
  Tuncahuan 
  and 
  Puruha 
  sherds 
  suggests 
  that 
  Tuncahuan 
  and 
  Puruha 
  

   if 
  not 
  contemporaneous, 
  were 
  at 
  least 
  close 
  together 
  in 
  time, 
  and 
  that 
  

   Jij6n 
  y 
  Caamafio 
  's 
  dates 
  for 
  Tuncahuan 
  are 
  much 
  too 
  early. 
  There 
  

   is 
  thus 
  suggested 
  the 
  need 
  for 
  a 
  general 
  chronological 
  telescoping 
  of 
  

   the 
  cultures 
  of 
  Ecuador. 
  However, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  necessary 
  to 
  secure 
  a 
  

   great 
  deal 
  more 
  stratigraphic 
  data 
  on 
  local 
  cultural 
  sequences 
  in 
  

   various 
  regions 
  before 
  a 
  reliable 
  chronology 
  for 
  the 
  country 
  as 
  a 
  

   whole 
  can 
  be 
  established. 
  Only 
  then 
  can 
  sound 
  chronological 
  cross- 
  

   ties 
  be 
  made 
  with 
  Peru 
  to 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  with 
  Colombia 
  and 
  Central 
  

   America 
  to 
  the 
  north. 
  

  

  Both 
  Uhle 
  and 
  Jijdn 
  y 
  Caamafio 
  have 
  attempted 
  to 
  fit 
  the 
  pre- 
  

   historic 
  cultures 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  into 
  grand 
  schemes 
  embracing 
  the 
  

   movement 
  of 
  waves 
  of 
  cultural 
  influence 
  (carried 
  by 
  actual 
  migrations 
  

   of 
  peoples 
  in 
  Uhle's 
  conception) 
  from 
  the 
  Valley 
  of 
  Mexico, 
  the 
  Maya 
  

   area, 
  and 
  Central 
  America 
  into 
  South 
  America 
  as 
  far 
  south 
  as 
  Peru. 
  

   All 
  of 
  the 
  high 
  Andean 
  cultures 
  are 
  thought 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  direct 
  Middle 
  

   American 
  origin. 
  These 
  schemes 
  may 
  be 
  criticized 
  because 
  the 
  com- 
  

   parisons 
  on 
  which 
  they 
  are 
  based 
  are 
  made 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  number 
  of 
  

   selected 
  elements 
  torn 
  from 
  their 
  context 
  rather 
  than 
  on 
  cultural 
  

   complexes, 
  because 
  the 
  specific 
  resemblances 
  claimed 
  are 
  often 
  diffi- 
  

   cult 
  to 
  see, 
  and 
  because 
  of 
  a 
  failure 
  to 
  correlate 
  Andean 
  (i.e., 
  Peruvian) 
  

   chronology 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Maya 
  area. 
  In 
  the 
  light 
  of 
  recent 
  chron- 
  

   ological 
  developments 
  in 
  Mexico, 
  the 
  Maya 
  area, 
  and 
  Peru, 
  some 
  of 
  

   the 
  postulated 
  migrations 
  could 
  not 
  have 
  taken 
  place, 
  or 
  are 
  likely 
  to 
  

   have 
  taken 
  place 
  in 
  the 
  reverse 
  direction. 
  9 
  The 
  most 
  that 
  can 
  be 
  

   said 
  at 
  present 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  traits 
  held 
  in 
  common 
  by 
  Middle 
  America 
  

   and 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  cannot 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  cul- 
  

   tural 
  waves 
  from 
  north 
  to 
  south 
  only. 
  It 
  appears 
  rather 
  that 
  these 
  

   cultural 
  resemblances 
  resulted 
  from 
  diffusion 
  in 
  both 
  directions 
  over 
  

   a 
  long 
  period 
  of 
  time. 
  10 
  

  

  Despite 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  Late 
  Chimu 
  pottery 
  in 
  southern 
  Ecuador 
  

   probably 
  as 
  a 
  result 
  of 
  trade, 
  and 
  despite 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  claims 
  of 
  

  

  • 
  For 
  example, 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamafio 
  (1930, 
  pp. 
  162-97) 
  believes 
  that 
  the 
  Tuncahuan 
  style 
  resulted 
  from 
  a 
  

   blend 
  of 
  Chorotegan 
  and 
  Mayan 
  influences 
  reaching 
  Ecuador 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  centuries 
  of 
  the 
  Christian 
  era, 
  

   and 
  that 
  Tuncahuan 
  in 
  turn 
  gave 
  rise 
  to 
  Recuay 
  in 
  Peru. 
  Certain 
  Tuncahuan-style 
  sherds 
  found 
  intru- 
  

   sive 
  in 
  Late 
  Cerro 
  Narrfo 
  (Collier 
  and 
  Murra, 
  1943, 
  pis. 
  38, 
  39) 
  bear 
  negative 
  designs 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  in 
  the 
  

   Pachacamac 
  negative 
  style 
  (Strong 
  and 
  Corbett, 
  1943, 
  fig. 
  18 
  and 
  pi. 
  6), 
  and 
  the 
  latter 
  may 
  have 
  a 
  con- 
  

   nection 
  with 
  Recuay. 
  These 
  negative 
  styles 
  appear 
  to 
  be 
  earlier 
  in 
  Peru 
  than 
  in 
  Ecuador, 
  so 
  that 
  if 
  the 
  

   connection 
  between 
  them 
  and 
  Tuncahuan 
  is 
  real, 
  diffusion 
  of 
  this 
  kind 
  of 
  negative 
  painting 
  must 
  have 
  

   gone 
  in 
  the 
  reverse 
  direction 
  of 
  that 
  postulated 
  by 
  Jijon 
  y 
  Caamafio. 
  However, 
  the 
  problem 
  is 
  compli- 
  

   cated 
  by 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  negative 
  painting 
  is 
  far 
  more 
  characteristic 
  and 
  frequent 
  in 
  Ecuador 
  and 
  Colombia 
  

   than 
  Peru. 
  

  

  io 
  For 
  discussions 
  of 
  this 
  general 
  problem, 
  see 
  Lothrop, 
  1940, 
  and 
  Kidder, 
  1940 
  a. 
  

  

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