﻿Vol.2] 
  TRIBES 
  OF 
  ECUADOR 
  — 
  MURRA 
  789 
  

  

  written 
  at 
  different 
  times 
  are 
  not 
  astonishing. 
  Only 
  archeology 
  can 
  

   unravel 
  this 
  problem 
  with 
  any 
  certainty. 
  

  

  The 
  Pasto 
  were 
  the 
  northermost 
  group 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   San 
  Juan 
  and 
  Patia 
  Valleys. 
  Known 
  as 
  Colima, 
  Barbacoa, 
  and 
  

   Coaiquer 
  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  they 
  are 
  clearly 
  differentiated 
  from 
  other 
  

   Coastal 
  groups. 
  The 
  last 
  is 
  discussed 
  on 
  pages 
  921, 
  967, 
  this 
  volume. 
  

  

  The 
  northern 
  Coast, 
  from 
  Bahia 
  de 
  San 
  Mateo 
  (the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  

   Esmeraldas 
  River) 
  to 
  the 
  Peninsula 
  of 
  Cojimies, 
  was 
  inhabited 
  by 
  

   the 
  Esmeralda, 
  who 
  were 
  closely 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Caraque 
  living 
  below 
  

   Cabo 
  Pasado 
  at 
  the 
  mouth 
  of 
  the 
  Rio 
  de 
  Chone. 
  

  

  The 
  southern 
  half 
  of 
  Manabi 
  Province 
  from 
  Bahia 
  de 
  Caraquez 
  to 
  

   Salango 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  Mania. 
  Apparently, 
  additional 
  Manta 
  

   colonies 
  (Tacame, 
  Beliquiama) 
  had 
  been 
  established 
  in 
  Esmeralda 
  

   country 
  as 
  far 
  north 
  as 
  the 
  Santiago 
  River. 
  

  

  The 
  Huancavilca 
  occupied 
  Santa 
  Elena 
  Peninsula 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  

   lower 
  reaches 
  of 
  the 
  Daule, 
  Vinces, 
  and 
  Guayas 
  Rivers. 
  

  

  The 
  Island 
  of 
  Puna 
  harbored 
  the 
  Puna 
  Indians, 
  who, 
  according 
  to 
  

   some 
  evidence, 
  also 
  controlled 
  Tenguel 
  on 
  the 
  mainland. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  northern 
  coast 
  of 
  El 
  Oro 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  area 
  below 
  the 
  

   Naranjal 
  River 
  was 
  in 
  the 
  hands 
  of 
  the 
  Highland 
  Canari. 
  

  

  The 
  Tumbez 
  (Tumpi) 
  extended 
  from 
  the 
  Canari 
  south 
  to 
  the 
  mouth 
  

   of 
  the 
  Chira 
  River 
  in 
  Peru, 
  but 
  they 
  are 
  included 
  here 
  because, 
  his- 
  

   torically, 
  they 
  clearly 
  participated 
  in 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  Gulf 
  

   of 
  Guayaquil. 
  

  

  The 
  boundaries 
  of 
  inland 
  groups 
  are 
  even 
  more 
  tentative. 
  Some 
  

   lived 
  near 
  the 
  Coast 
  in 
  close 
  proximity 
  to 
  the 
  groups 
  discussed 
  above. 
  

   Other 
  inhabited 
  the 
  forests 
  on 
  the 
  western 
  slopes 
  of 
  the 
  Andes, 
  and 
  

   their 
  cultural 
  orientation 
  was 
  toward 
  the 
  Highlands 
  group. 
  

  

  Thus 
  the 
  Malaba 
  lived 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  reaches 
  of 
  the 
  Mataje 
  River; 
  

   the 
  Yumbo 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  Sierra 
  de 
  Lita 
  in 
  western 
  Pichincha 
  Province; 
  

   the 
  Nigua 
  (Cayapa) 
  on 
  the 
  upper 
  reaches 
  of 
  the 
  Santiago, 
  Cayapas, 
  

   and 
  Guaillabamba 
  Rivers, 
  while 
  the 
  Campaz 
  (Chono, 
  Colorado) 
  lived 
  

   on 
  the 
  banks 
  of 
  the 
  upper 
  Daule 
  River. 
  

  

  SOURCES 
  

  

  The 
  most 
  important 
  single 
  informant 
  on 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  pre-Inca 
  

   Ecuador 
  is 
  Pedro 
  de 
  Cieza 
  de 
  Le6n 
  (1932), 
  who 
  visited 
  the 
  country 
  

   within 
  10 
  years 
  of 
  its 
  conquest 
  by 
  Sebastian 
  de 
  Benalcazar, 
  one 
  of 
  

   Francisco 
  Pizarro's 
  lieutenants. 
  Much 
  of 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  culture 
  was 
  

   still 
  alive 
  and 
  functioning, 
  though 
  disturbed 
  by 
  the 
  Inca, 
  by 
  years 
  

   of 
  civil 
  war, 
  and 
  by 
  long-drawn-out 
  defense 
  against 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   invaders. 
  Cieza 
  was 
  well 
  aware 
  that 
  the 
  peoples 
  of 
  this 
  area 
  were 
  

   distinct 
  from 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquerors, 
  and, 
  although 
  on 
  occasion 
  he 
  

   mistook 
  newly 
  introduced 
  house 
  types 
  and 
  forms 
  of 
  worship 
  for 
  the 
  

   aboriginal 
  ones, 
  his 
  information 
  on 
  the 
  whole 
  is 
  trustworthy, 
  interest- 
  

  

  