﻿804 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Puruhd-Mochica 
  linguistic 
  family, 
  which 
  includes 
  several 
  groups 
  in 
  

   Ecuador 
  and 
  Perti, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Puruhd, 
  Canari, 
  Chimu, 
  and 
  others. 
  

  

  Subsistence 
  activities. 
  — 
  The 
  Manta 
  cultivated 
  maize, 
  yuca, 
  potatoes, 
  

   and 
  other 
  crops. 
  According 
  to 
  Zarate, 
  women 
  did 
  all 
  the 
  field 
  work 
  

   and 
  the 
  cooking. 
  Presumably, 
  men 
  fished 
  and 
  traded, 
  though 
  their 
  

   total 
  abstention 
  from 
  agricultural 
  pursuits 
  is 
  doubtful. 
  Fish 
  supplied 
  

   a 
  significant 
  quantity 
  of 
  food 
  and 
  were 
  apparently 
  eaten 
  raw 
  with 
  

   maize 
  bread; 
  hunting 
  of 
  deer 
  and 
  game 
  birds 
  was 
  also 
  important. 
  

   Cieza 
  mentions 
  a 
  domestic 
  duck, 
  the 
  juga, 
  and 
  a 
  few 
  llamas, 
  probably 
  

   of 
  Inca 
  origin, 
  were 
  seen 
  by 
  other 
  early 
  travelers. 
  

  

  Houses. 
  — 
  The 
  Manta 
  lived 
  in 
  large 
  villages. 
  Their 
  houses 
  were 
  

   built 
  of 
  cane 
  or 
  wood 
  and 
  were 
  covered 
  with 
  thatch. 
  

  

  Dress 
  and 
  ornaments. 
  — 
  Men 
  dressed 
  in 
  short 
  cotton 
  shirts 
  and 
  

   occasionally 
  used 
  blankets. 
  The 
  genitals 
  were 
  sometimes 
  covered 
  

   with 
  a 
  short 
  cloth, 
  but 
  most 
  chroniclers 
  were 
  impressed 
  with 
  the 
  lack 
  

   of 
  any 
  inguinal 
  covering. 
  The 
  hair 
  was 
  shaved 
  on 
  top, 
  reminding 
  

   Zarate 
  of 
  a 
  clerical 
  tonsure. 
  The 
  shaved 
  portion 
  extended 
  all 
  the 
  way 
  

   from 
  front 
  to 
  back, 
  the 
  hair 
  being 
  allowed 
  to 
  grow 
  only 
  on 
  the 
  sides. 
  

   The 
  hair 
  was 
  adorned 
  with 
  a 
  crown 
  of 
  colored 
  cotton 
  thread, 
  an 
  

   ornament 
  common 
  to 
  all 
  Coast 
  peoples. 
  Gold, 
  silver, 
  and, 
  occasion- 
  

   ally, 
  pearls 
  were 
  worked 
  into 
  this 
  crown. 
  Women 
  wore 
  long 
  skirts 
  

   or 
  a 
  blanket 
  from 
  the 
  waist 
  down. 
  Both 
  sexes 
  wore 
  gold 
  and 
  silver 
  

   earrings 
  and 
  nose 
  plugs, 
  and 
  many 
  rows 
  of 
  red 
  shell 
  beads, 
  called 
  

   chaquira, 
  which 
  were 
  highly 
  prized 
  everywhere 
  along 
  the 
  Coast. 
  Gold 
  

   inlay 
  of 
  teeth 
  and 
  the 
  ceremonial 
  removal 
  of 
  men's 
  teeth 
  were 
  general 
  

   on 
  the 
  Coast. 
  

  

  The 
  Manta 
  did 
  not 
  deform 
  their 
  skulls, 
  like 
  their 
  neighbors 
  to 
  the 
  

   north, 
  but 
  were 
  known 
  as 
  people 
  who 
  tattooed 
  their 
  faces 
  from 
  ear 
  to 
  

   chin. 
  On 
  frequent 
  but 
  unspecified 
  occasions, 
  they 
  painted 
  their 
  whole 
  

   bodies 
  black. 
  

  

  Boats 
  and 
  trade. 
  — 
  All 
  observers 
  seem 
  to 
  agree 
  that 
  the 
  maritime 
  

   peoples 
  of 
  Manabi 
  were 
  great 
  sailors, 
  skillfully 
  handling 
  dugout 
  canoes 
  

   and 
  elaborate 
  balsa 
  rafts 
  on 
  fishing, 
  commercial, 
  or 
  ceremonial 
  trips. 
  

  

  The 
  large 
  raft, 
  equipped 
  with 
  sails 
  and 
  cabin, 
  carrying 
  some 
  20 
  

   people 
  and 
  30 
  tons 
  of 
  merchandise, 
  met 
  by 
  Bartolome 
  Euiz 
  gives 
  an 
  

   idea 
  of 
  the 
  extent 
  and 
  magnitude 
  of 
  coastwise 
  traffic 
  undertaken 
  by 
  

   these 
  people. 
  Some 
  investigators 
  have 
  thought 
  that 
  this 
  raft 
  was 
  out 
  

   of 
  Tumbez 
  or 
  Puna. 
  When 
  captured, 
  its 
  Indian 
  crew 
  said 
  they 
  came 
  

   from 
  Calangane, 
  which 
  Rivet 
  and 
  Jijon 
  locate 
  in 
  Manabi. 
  Unfortu- 
  

   nately, 
  the 
  northern 
  destination 
  of 
  the 
  raft 
  has 
  never 
  been 
  ascertained, 
  

   but 
  the 
  event 
  leaves 
  no 
  doubt 
  as 
  to 
  the 
  existence 
  of 
  organized 
  com- 
  

   merce 
  in 
  the 
  area. 
  The 
  voyage 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  partially 
  ceremonial 
  

   in 
  purpose, 
  for 
  the 
  main 
  commodity 
  on 
  board 
  was 
  the 
  red 
  chaquira 
  

   beads 
  mentioned 
  above. 
  In 
  addition, 
  the 
  cargo 
  included 
  many 
  black 
  

  

  