﻿806 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  THE 
  HUANCAVILCA 
  

  

  Habitat 
  and 
  divisions. 
  — 
  The 
  Huancavilca 
  inhabited 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  

   present-day 
  Province 
  of 
  Guayas. 
  Some 
  of 
  their 
  settlements 
  were: 
  

   Yagual, 
  Colonche, 
  Chinduy, 
  Chongon, 
  Daule, 
  Chonoma, 
  Colonchillo, 
  

   Guayaquil, 
  Yaguachi, 
  Racual, 
  Guaya, 
  Cachao, 
  Veindal, 
  Uchicacao, 
  

   Chadai, 
  Chandui, 
  Tantomo, 
  Mopenitos, 
  Payo, 
  Belin, 
  and 
  Guare. 
  Both 
  

   culturally 
  and 
  linguistically, 
  this 
  group 
  was 
  closely 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  

   Mania 
  of 
  the 
  western 
  Coast. 
  Their 
  language 
  is 
  extinct. 
  Jij6n 
  classed 
  

   it 
  in 
  the 
  Puruhd-Mochica 
  family. 
  

  

  Subsistence. 
  — 
  The 
  Huancavilca 
  cultivated 
  maize, 
  yuca 
  (sweet 
  

   manioc), 
  and 
  other 
  crops 
  characteristic 
  of 
  this 
  area. 
  Fish 
  were 
  an 
  

   important 
  item 
  in 
  the 
  diet. 
  

  

  Dress 
  and 
  ornaments. 
  — 
  Men 
  wore 
  short 
  cotton 
  shirts 
  and 
  a 
  loin- 
  

   cloth. 
  In 
  their 
  hair 
  they 
  wore 
  crowns 
  of 
  very 
  small 
  gold 
  and 
  silver 
  

   beads, 
  and 
  sometimes 
  of 
  jaguar 
  skin. 
  Women 
  wore 
  a 
  cloth 
  hanging 
  

   from 
  the 
  waist 
  and 
  another 
  over 
  their 
  shoulders. 
  As 
  elsewhere 
  

   along 
  the 
  Coast, 
  the 
  teeth 
  were 
  ornamented 
  with 
  gold, 
  and 
  removal 
  

   of 
  three 
  upper 
  and 
  three 
  lower 
  teeth 
  is 
  consistently 
  mentioned. 
  

  

  Burial. 
  — 
  The 
  dead 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  round 
  vaulted 
  grave, 
  opening 
  

   to 
  the 
  east. 
  Living 
  women 
  and 
  weapons 
  were 
  included 
  in 
  the 
  burials 
  

   of 
  chiefs. 
  

  

  Religion. 
  — 
  To 
  insure 
  fertility, 
  it 
  is 
  said 
  that 
  human 
  blood 
  was 
  

   sacrificed 
  in 
  the 
  fields. 
  Cures 
  were 
  also 
  effected 
  through 
  sacrifice. 
  

   Cieza 
  mentions 
  that 
  human 
  hearts 
  extracted 
  from 
  sacrificial 
  victims 
  

   were 
  revered 
  as 
  gods. 
  Old 
  men 
  were 
  reported 
  to 
  have 
  communi- 
  

   cated 
  with 
  "devils." 
  

  

  THE 
  PUNA 
  

  

  Habitat 
  and 
  divisions. 
  — 
  The 
  Puna 
  lived 
  on 
  the 
  island 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  

   name. 
  On 
  the 
  evidence 
  of 
  early 
  Colonial 
  land 
  grants, 
  Jij6n 
  has 
  sug- 
  

   gested 
  that 
  they 
  also 
  controlled 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  southern 
  coast 
  of 
  Guayas, 
  

   near 
  Tenguel. 
  Culturally 
  and 
  linguistically, 
  the 
  Puna 
  belonged 
  with 
  

   the 
  Mania 
  and 
  Huancavilca. 
  

  

  Subsistence. 
  — 
  The 
  island 
  was 
  fertile, 
  and 
  abundant 
  crops 
  of 
  corn 
  

   supported 
  a 
  dense 
  population. 
  Fish 
  and 
  boiled 
  maize 
  were 
  the 
  

   staple 
  foods. 
  

  

  Dress 
  and 
  ornaments. 
  — 
  The 
  Pund 
  wore 
  cotton 
  clothes 
  similar 
  to 
  

   those 
  on 
  the 
  mainland. 
  Men 
  wore 
  a 
  short 
  shirt 
  and 
  a 
  loincloth, 
  and 
  

   the 
  women 
  a 
  long 
  shirtlike 
  cloth 
  from 
  neck 
  to 
  foot. 
  Men 
  cut 
  their 
  

   hair 
  short. 
  Both 
  sexes 
  wore 
  red 
  chaquira 
  beads. 
  

  

  Political 
  groups. 
  — 
  There 
  were 
  seven 
  major 
  settlements 
  on 
  the 
  

   island, 
  each 
  with 
  its 
  own 
  cacique 
  and 
  one 
  paramount 
  chief 
  for 
  the 
  

   whole 
  island. 
  The 
  chiefs 
  are 
  reported 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  polygamous 
  and 
  

   to 
  have 
  had 
  eunuchs 
  to 
  guard 
  their 
  harems. 
  

  

  Trade 
  and 
  warfare. 
  — 
  The 
  Pund 
  had 
  a 
  great 
  reputation 
  as 
  pirates 
  

   and 
  traders. 
  They 
  were 
  apparently 
  incorporated 
  in 
  the 
  Coastal 
  

  

  