﻿808 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  ments 
  were: 
  Gualla, 
  Llulluto, 
  Nanical, 
  Alambi, 
  Camoqui, 
  Cachil- 
  

   lata, 
  Zarapullo, 
  Napa, 
  Alaqui, 
  Canzacoto, 
  Topo, 
  Mindo, 
  and 
  Nambe. 
  

   Their 
  territory 
  coincided 
  in 
  some 
  measure 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Cayapa, 
  but 
  

   the 
  Cabello 
  manuscript 
  specifically 
  distinguishes 
  the 
  two 
  tribes. 
  

   Cieza 
  mentions 
  them 
  in 
  his 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  Panzaleo. 
  

  

  The 
  term 
  Yumbo 
  is 
  today 
  applied 
  indiscriminately 
  to 
  all 
  lowland 
  

   Indians 
  on 
  both 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  Cordillera, 
  and 
  has, 
  therefore, 
  no 
  ethnic 
  

   value. 
  

  

  THE 
  INCA 
  CONQUEST 
  OF 
  ECUADOR 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  15th 
  century, 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  extended 
  its 
  

   dominion 
  into 
  present-day 
  Ecuador. 
  Tupac 
  Yupanqui, 
  reigning 
  at 
  

   that 
  time, 
  began 
  his 
  campaign 
  about 
  1455 
  and 
  his 
  son, 
  Huayna 
  Capac, 
  

   completed 
  the 
  conquest 
  some 
  40 
  years 
  later, 
  after 
  Columbus 
  had 
  al- 
  

   ready 
  landed 
  at 
  Hispaniola. 
  Ecuador 
  represented 
  the 
  northernmost 
  

   extension 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  power 
  and 
  its 
  pinnacle. 
  At 
  the 
  threshold 
  of 
  the 
  

   16th 
  century, 
  the 
  Empire 
  was 
  a 
  vast 
  and 
  intricate 
  structure, 
  the 
  most 
  

   elaborate 
  social 
  organization 
  in 
  the 
  New 
  World. 
  (See 
  this 
  volume, 
  

   pp. 
  201-209.) 
  

  

  There 
  had 
  been 
  nothing 
  comparable 
  to 
  the 
  Empire 
  in 
  Ecuador. 
  

   Native 
  villages 
  were 
  federated 
  through 
  their 
  leaders 
  into 
  cooperative 
  

   tribal 
  bodies 
  which 
  acted 
  in 
  self 
  defense 
  or 
  on 
  other 
  special 
  occasions. 
  

   There 
  were 
  several 
  such 
  federations 
  on 
  this 
  limited 
  territory, 
  but 
  all 
  

   were 
  poor, 
  weak 
  structures 
  compared 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  and 
  lacked 
  

   true 
  state 
  organization. 
  Their 
  defeat 
  was 
  only 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  time, 
  

   though 
  their 
  opposition 
  to 
  the 
  Inca 
  was 
  frequently 
  fierce 
  and 
  pro- 
  

   tracted. 
  

  

  The 
  Palta 
  were 
  conquered 
  first, 
  and 
  the 
  job 
  was 
  apparently 
  easy. 
  

   At 
  a 
  later 
  date, 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  chroniclers, 
  they 
  refused 
  to 
  join 
  an 
  

   anti-inca 
  plot 
  engineered 
  by 
  the 
  Canari, 
  who 
  stiffly 
  resisted 
  and 
  once 
  

   even 
  defeated 
  Tupac 
  Yupanqui, 
  throwing 
  him 
  back 
  to 
  Saraguro. 
  The 
  

   Canari 
  formed 
  a 
  federation 
  with 
  non-Canari 
  groups 
  and 
  eventually 
  

   made 
  peace 
  with 
  the 
  Empire 
  on 
  much 
  better 
  terms 
  than 
  the 
  Palta. 
  

   Puruhd 
  and 
  Panzaleo 
  groups 
  fought 
  Tupac 
  at 
  the 
  Chanchan 
  River 
  and 
  

   again 
  at 
  Liribamba. 
  Resistance 
  was 
  so 
  fierce 
  in 
  Cara 
  country 
  that 
  

   additional 
  conquests 
  were 
  postponed. 
  Although 
  old 
  animosities 
  di- 
  

   vided 
  such 
  Cara 
  groups 
  as 
  the 
  Otavalo 
  and 
  the 
  Caranqui, 
  they 
  were 
  able 
  

   to 
  unite, 
  and 
  for 
  17 
  years 
  successfully 
  opposed 
  Inca 
  penetration. 
  Fi- 
  

   nally, 
  Huayna 
  Capac 
  broke 
  into 
  Caranqui 
  and, 
  according 
  to 
  legend, 
  

   many 
  thousands 
  were 
  killed 
  and 
  thrown 
  into 
  Yaguar 
  Cocha, 
  the 
  Blood 
  

   Lake. 
  The 
  southern 
  steamroller 
  rolled 
  on 
  to 
  Rio 
  Mira 
  and 
  beyond, 
  

   and 
  in 
  many 
  fundamental 
  ways 
  seriously 
  affected 
  native 
  life. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Coast, 
  the 
  Puna 
  and 
  Huancavilca 
  resisted 
  the 
  conquest 
  for 
  

   some 
  time, 
  but 
  eventually 
  were 
  also 
  incorporated 
  in 
  the 
  Empire. 
  

   Huayna 
  Capac 
  advanced 
  to 
  Esmeraldas, 
  and 
  some 
  of 
  his 
  captains 
  

  

  