﻿Vol.2] 
  TRIBES 
  OF 
  ECUADOR 
  — 
  MURRA 
  809 
  

  

  reached 
  Kio 
  Mira 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  in 
  Colombia. 
  But 
  there 
  was 
  not 
  much 
  

   here 
  to 
  attract 
  the 
  conqueror. 
  The 
  Inca 
  regarded 
  the 
  tropical 
  low- 
  

   land 
  dwellers 
  as 
  naked, 
  uncivilized 
  savages, 
  who 
  were 
  hardly 
  worth 
  the 
  

   bother 
  of 
  enforced 
  civilization. 
  The 
  land 
  was 
  poor 
  according 
  to 
  Inca 
  

   standards, 
  the 
  climate 
  unhealthy 
  for 
  Highlanders, 
  the 
  towns 
  small, 
  and 
  

   the 
  orejones, 
  the 
  Emperor's 
  representatives, 
  wished 
  they 
  were 
  home. 
  

   Tumbez 
  was 
  built 
  up 
  as 
  a 
  terminal 
  fortress 
  against 
  the 
  attacks 
  of 
  the 
  

   Puna, 
  colonists 
  (mitimaes) 
  from 
  elsewhere 
  brought 
  in, 
  and 
  200 
  weav- 
  

   ing 
  vestal 
  virgins 
  were 
  settled 
  near 
  a 
  large 
  temple 
  to 
  the 
  Sun. 
  The 
  

   Coastal 
  road 
  stopped 
  here 
  as 
  it 
  could 
  not 
  advance 
  through 
  the 
  tropical 
  

   wilderness. 
  Beyond 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Guayaquil, 
  the 
  natives 
  were 
  in 
  con- 
  

   stant 
  rebellion. 
  On 
  the 
  Coast, 
  the 
  Empire 
  ended 
  at 
  Tumbez. 
  

  

  Separation 
  of 
  Inca 
  and 
  native 
  elements 
  in 
  the 
  cultures 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  

   as 
  they 
  are 
  reported 
  by 
  the 
  chroniclers 
  is 
  not 
  easy. 
  All 
  observers 
  

   visited 
  the 
  area 
  not 
  only 
  after 
  Huayna 
  Capac 
  but 
  also 
  after 
  Sebastian 
  

   de 
  Benalcazar 
  had 
  annexed 
  it 
  to 
  the 
  Crown's 
  possessions. 
  The 
  

   archeology 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  received 
  enough 
  attention 
  to 
  enable 
  

   us 
  clearly 
  to 
  identify 
  known 
  material 
  culture 
  complexes 
  with 
  historic 
  

   tribal 
  units. 
  Nevertheless, 
  one 
  can 
  state 
  that 
  almost 
  no 
  aspect 
  of 
  

   aboriginal 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  Highland 
  was 
  left 
  untouched. 
  

  

  A 
  detailed 
  discussion 
  of 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  is 
  presented 
  in 
  this 
  

   volume 
  (pp. 
  183-330). 
  The 
  Empire 
  was 
  a 
  powerful 
  state 
  structure, 
  

   controlling 
  a 
  large 
  area 
  and 
  numerous 
  populations 
  of 
  diverse 
  ethnic 
  

   backgrounds 
  for 
  the 
  benefit 
  of 
  a 
  ruling 
  aristocracy 
  — 
  its 
  highly 
  cen- 
  

   tralized 
  law 
  enforced 
  by 
  a 
  standing 
  army, 
  a 
  large 
  bureaucracy, 
  and 
  a 
  

   munificent 
  and 
  temporally 
  important 
  clergy. 
  

  

  All 
  land 
  theoretically 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  Emperor 
  and 
  practically 
  was 
  

   held 
  collectively 
  in 
  custody 
  by 
  the 
  ayllu, 
  which 
  became 
  increasingly 
  

   an 
  imperial 
  administrative 
  division. 
  The 
  system 
  of 
  obligations 
  

   between 
  the 
  sovereign 
  and 
  his 
  subjects 
  was 
  worked 
  out 
  with 
  consider- 
  

   able 
  efficiency. 
  The 
  subjects, 
  self-sufficient 
  groups, 
  tilled 
  their 
  lands 
  

   as 
  well 
  as 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  Church 
  and 
  the 
  Emperor, 
  served 
  in 
  the 
  army, 
  

   and 
  manned 
  the 
  tambos, 
  or 
  way 
  stations 
  along 
  the 
  remarkable 
  high- 
  

   ways 
  built 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  to 
  connect 
  their 
  possessions. 
  Performance 
  of 
  

   public 
  work 
  was 
  compulsory, 
  and 
  whole 
  populations 
  could 
  be 
  shifted 
  

   hundreds 
  of 
  miles 
  to 
  conform 
  with 
  imperial 
  policy. 
  The 
  Emperor 
  

   attended 
  to 
  his 
  subjects' 
  interests 
  and 
  provided 
  food 
  and 
  clothing 
  in 
  

   case 
  of 
  disaster 
  and 
  famine. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  had 
  conquered 
  many 
  lands 
  and 
  many 
  peoples 
  before 
  

   coming 
  to 
  Ecuador. 
  The 
  policy 
  of 
  dealing 
  with 
  conquered 
  groups, 
  

   which 
  had 
  been 
  worked 
  out 
  elsewhere, 
  was 
  applied 
  in 
  this 
  area. 
  

   Whenever 
  possible, 
  the 
  Inca 
  Emperor 
  preferred 
  to 
  rule 
  through 
  native 
  

   leaders 
  who 
  were 
  not 
  molested 
  if 
  they 
  were 
  willing 
  to 
  recognize 
  the 
  

   Emperor's 
  divine 
  authority 
  and 
  pay 
  tribute. 
  Their 
  sons 
  were 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  taken 
  to 
  Cuzco 
  for 
  indoctrination 
  in 
  imperial 
  goals 
  and 
  

  

  