﻿810 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  policies. 
  Where 
  serious 
  opposition 
  was 
  met, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  

   Canari, 
  Puruhd, 
  and 
  Car 
  a, 
  native 
  organization 
  was 
  smashed 
  by 
  

   removing 
  a 
  large 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  population 
  and 
  replacing 
  it 
  with 
  mitimaes, 
  

   settlers 
  from 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  Empire 
  who 
  had 
  been 
  conquered 
  long 
  

   before 
  and 
  were 
  now 
  thoroughly 
  acculturated 
  and 
  reliable. 
  Thus, 
  

   thousands 
  of 
  Palta 
  were 
  taken 
  to 
  Collao, 
  near 
  Lake 
  Titicaca 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  

   and 
  replaced 
  with 
  Bolivians. 
  Other 
  mitimaes 
  had 
  been 
  settled 
  in 
  

   Canari 
  country 
  at 
  Cojitambo 
  and 
  Chuquipata, 
  while 
  many 
  thousands 
  

   of 
  natives 
  were 
  distributed 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  the 
  Empire, 
  including 
  an 
  

   imperial 
  guard 
  at 
  Cuzco 
  and 
  a 
  settlement 
  farther 
  north 
  at 
  Quinche, 
  in 
  

   the 
  Province 
  of 
  Pichincha. 
  According 
  to 
  Oviedo, 
  all 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  

   Chimborazo 
  were 
  now 
  either 
  Quechua- 
  or 
  ^mam-speaking 
  Indians 
  

   from 
  Bolivia, 
  the 
  natives 
  having 
  been 
  deported 
  south. 
  This 
  is 
  an 
  

   exaggerated 
  statement, 
  as 
  Puruhd 
  was 
  spoken 
  locally 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  1692, 
  

   but 
  there 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  many 
  who 
  were 
  sent 
  away. 
  In 
  Puruhd 
  

   country, 
  however, 
  the 
  Chimbo 
  Valley 
  had 
  many 
  settlements 
  of 
  Indians 
  

   from 
  Huamachuco 
  and 
  Cajamarca 
  in 
  northern 
  Perti. 
  Cieza 
  reports 
  

   mitimaes 
  near 
  Latacunga, 
  and 
  another 
  group 
  was 
  located 
  near 
  Quero, 
  

   also 
  in 
  Panzaleo 
  territory. 
  Farther 
  north, 
  Zambiza, 
  Carapungo, 
  

   Yaruquies, 
  and 
  Cotocallo 
  were 
  all 
  peopled 
  by 
  southern 
  colonists. 
  

   Such 
  foreign 
  enclaves 
  within 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  population 
  served 
  as 
  focal 
  

   centers 
  of 
  Inca 
  influence 
  and 
  domination, 
  and 
  today, 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  

   settlements 
  can 
  still 
  be 
  distinguished 
  by 
  the 
  dress 
  and 
  customs 
  of 
  their 
  

   inhabitants. 
  There 
  were 
  no 
  colonies 
  of 
  mitimaes 
  north 
  of 
  Tumbez 
  

   on 
  the 
  Coast. 
  

  

  In 
  addition 
  to 
  such 
  obvious 
  devices 
  as 
  movements 
  of 
  peoples, 
  the 
  

   Empire 
  influenced 
  native 
  life 
  in 
  many 
  other 
  ways. 
  New 
  crops 
  like 
  

   sweet 
  manioc 
  (yuca), 
  oca 
  (Oxalis 
  tuberosa), 
  sweet 
  potatoes, 
  and 
  peanuts 
  

   were 
  introduced 
  at 
  this 
  time. 
  Llamas 
  were 
  brought 
  north 
  in 
  large 
  

   numbers 
  and 
  provided 
  Ecuadoreans 
  with 
  a 
  beast 
  of 
  burden 
  and 
  a 
  new 
  

   and 
  reliable 
  protein 
  supply. 
  Wool 
  was 
  added 
  to 
  the 
  textile 
  fibers 
  

   used. 
  Daring 
  irrigation 
  canals 
  considerably 
  increased 
  the 
  cultivated 
  

   area. 
  The 
  cultivation 
  and 
  chewing 
  of 
  coca 
  leaf, 
  a 
  mild 
  narcotic, 
  was 
  

   started 
  in 
  the 
  area 
  and 
  quickly 
  adopted 
  by 
  local 
  groups. 
  It 
  assumed 
  

   considerable 
  importance 
  in 
  certain 
  places, 
  such 
  as 
  Pimapiro, 
  in 
  Cara 
  

   country, 
  where 
  large 
  fields 
  were 
  devoted 
  to 
  its 
  cultivation, 
  the 
  leaf 
  

   being 
  traded 
  far 
  and 
  wide 
  and 
  becoming 
  the 
  sole 
  crop 
  in 
  certain 
  

   places. 
  Indians 
  from 
  Pasto 
  and 
  Latacunga 
  and 
  even 
  from 
  Sigchos 
  

   came 
  here 
  to 
  get 
  the 
  drug. 
  The 
  craving 
  was 
  such 
  that 
  Pimapiro 
  

   inhabitants 
  were 
  known 
  to 
  let 
  strangers 
  cultivate 
  their 
  lands, 
  while 
  

   they 
  limited 
  themselves 
  to 
  collecting 
  rent. 
  Coca 
  was 
  added 
  to 
  salt 
  

   and 
  aji 
  as 
  a 
  ceremonial 
  food 
  in 
  certain 
  areas. 
  

  

  Mitimaes 
  and 
  administrative 
  necessity 
  encouraged 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  language. 
  It 
  soon 
  became 
  a 
  "lingua 
  franca" 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   country, 
  and 
  is 
  referred 
  to 
  as 
  the 
  "lengua 
  general 
  de 
  los 
  ingas" 
  by 
  the 
  

  

  