﻿Vol.2] 
  TRIBES 
  OF 
  ECUADOR 
  — 
  MURRA 
  811 
  

  

  chroniclers. 
  Cieza 
  states 
  that 
  its 
  teaching 
  was 
  compulsory 
  and 
  par- 
  

   ents 
  were 
  punished 
  for 
  neglecting 
  to 
  teach 
  it 
  to 
  their 
  children. 
  This 
  

   rule 
  was 
  never 
  seriously 
  enforced, 
  as 
  in 
  many 
  areas 
  only 
  few 
  spoke 
  

   the 
  "general 
  language/' 
  and 
  everywhere 
  native 
  tongues 
  and 
  dialects 
  

   survived. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  encouraged 
  urban 
  settlement 
  in 
  such 
  places 
  as 
  Tomebamba 
  

   (modern 
  Cuenca), 
  Liribamba, 
  and 
  Quito. 
  Otherwise, 
  people 
  con- 
  

   tinued 
  to 
  live 
  dispersed 
  in 
  the 
  countryside, 
  gathering 
  occasionally 
  at 
  

   the 
  chief's 
  house 
  or 
  the 
  huaca, 
  the 
  sacred 
  spot 
  of 
  the 
  community. 
  

   Fortresses 
  with 
  accompanying 
  garrisons 
  were 
  built 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   Highland, 
  sometimes 
  coinciding 
  with 
  urban 
  centers 
  such 
  as 
  at 
  Caran- 
  

   qui, 
  Cochasqui, 
  Quito, 
  Latacunga, 
  Mocha, 
  Tiquizambi, 
  and 
  Tome- 
  

   bamba, 
  and 
  at 
  other 
  times 
  being 
  located 
  in 
  strategic 
  positions 
  such 
  

   as 
  Guamaltan, 
  Tuza, 
  Guaillamba, 
  Cayambe, 
  Muliambato, 
  Tiocajas, 
  

   Chanchan, 
  Ingapirca, 
  and 
  Canaribamba. 
  

  

  The 
  extensive 
  road 
  system 
  built 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  was 
  extended 
  to 
  

   include 
  Ecuador, 
  and, 
  although 
  the 
  Coastal 
  highway 
  was 
  not 
  extended 
  

   because 
  of 
  the 
  jungles 
  in 
  the 
  western 
  lowlands, 
  the 
  mountain 
  road 
  

   connected 
  Tomebamba 
  and 
  Quito 
  with 
  Cuzco, 
  the 
  capital 
  of 
  the 
  

   Empire. 
  The 
  native 
  population 
  helped 
  build 
  and 
  later 
  service 
  these 
  

   roads, 
  a 
  task 
  that 
  afforded 
  additional 
  acculturational 
  contacts. 
  

  

  Similarly, 
  the 
  construction 
  and 
  support 
  of 
  various 
  temples 
  to 
  the 
  

   Sun 
  and 
  convents 
  for 
  the 
  Sun's 
  virgins 
  affected 
  native 
  religion, 
  

   although 
  aboriginal 
  deities 
  and 
  beliefs 
  were 
  tolerated. 
  

  

  The 
  effect 
  of 
  Inca 
  domination 
  on 
  native 
  social 
  organization 
  is 
  not 
  

   easy 
  to 
  estimate 
  because 
  of 
  lack 
  of 
  sufficient 
  concrete 
  data. 
  On 
  the 
  

   Coast, 
  which 
  the 
  Inca 
  never 
  actually 
  controlled, 
  imperial 
  influence 
  was 
  

   weak 
  and 
  indirect, 
  but, 
  nevertheless, 
  gave 
  a 
  terrific 
  impetus 
  to 
  the 
  

   development 
  of 
  native 
  coastwise 
  commerce. 
  In 
  the 
  Highland, 
  the 
  

   tremendous 
  movements 
  of 
  population, 
  the 
  raising 
  of 
  armies 
  and 
  the 
  

   implicit 
  collective 
  action, 
  the 
  building 
  of 
  cities, 
  fortresses, 
  temples 
  

   and 
  roads, 
  the 
  facilitation 
  of 
  intertribal 
  communication, 
  and 
  the 
  in- 
  

   creased 
  material 
  well-being, 
  all 
  must 
  have 
  combined 
  to 
  speed 
  up 
  the 
  

   process 
  of 
  increasing 
  social 
  cohesion 
  between 
  native 
  Ecuadorean 
  

   groups. 
  Even 
  before 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquest, 
  isolated 
  villages 
  had 
  acted 
  

   together; 
  after 
  it, 
  such 
  cooperation 
  became 
  commonplace, 
  and 
  one 
  

   can 
  discern 
  almost 
  national 
  feeling 
  and 
  solidarity 
  in 
  Ruminahui's 
  

   ability 
  to 
  raise 
  large 
  multilingual 
  armies 
  in 
  an 
  attempt 
  to 
  stop 
  the 
  

   Spanish 
  invasion. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  conquest 
  encouraged 
  incipient 
  native 
  social 
  stratification 
  

   and 
  reinforced 
  the 
  local 
  chieftain's 
  authority 
  by 
  placing 
  many 
  new 
  

   imperial 
  administrative 
  responsibilities 
  on 
  his 
  shoulders. 
  It 
  trained 
  

   his 
  sons 
  in 
  the 
  ways 
  of 
  Empire, 
  thereby 
  perpetuating 
  leadership 
  

   within 
  one 
  family 
  group. 
  But 
  we 
  know 
  very 
  little 
  of 
  the 
  actual 
  

   events 
  and 
  can 
  only 
  guess 
  at 
  their 
  content. 
  Yanaconas, 
  or 
  "slaves," 
  

  

  