﻿812 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  were 
  at 
  work 
  on 
  Ecuadorean 
  soil, 
  but 
  how 
  they 
  were 
  recruited 
  in 
  the 
  

   local 
  situation 
  or 
  what 
  their 
  ethnic 
  background 
  was 
  is 
  not 
  stated. 
  

   Temples 
  to 
  the 
  Sun 
  and 
  concomitant 
  obligations 
  to 
  till 
  the 
  temple's 
  

   land 
  were 
  introduced, 
  but 
  we 
  know 
  very 
  little 
  of 
  aboriginal 
  land 
  ten- 
  

   ure 
  and 
  how 
  it 
  was 
  affected 
  by 
  the 
  new 
  dispositions. 
  

  

  Inca 
  dominion 
  over 
  Ecuador 
  was 
  short 
  lived 
  and 
  not 
  very 
  thorough- 
  

   going 
  in 
  such 
  fields 
  as 
  sacred 
  belief, 
  where 
  traditional 
  attitudes 
  and 
  

   mythology 
  survived. 
  It 
  undoubtedly 
  had 
  a 
  profound 
  effect 
  on 
  such 
  

   elements 
  as 
  subsistence, 
  land 
  tenure, 
  and 
  social 
  organization. 
  

  

  COLONIAL 
  AND 
  MODERN 
  CONDITIONS 
  

  

  Ecuador 
  was 
  incorporated 
  into 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Empire 
  soon 
  after 
  

   Pizarro's 
  Conquest 
  of 
  Peru. 
  The 
  Conquest 
  was 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  1534 
  

   by 
  Sebastian 
  de 
  Benalcazar, 
  a 
  lieutenant 
  of 
  Pizarro, 
  who 
  penetrated 
  

   the 
  country 
  from 
  the 
  south 
  and 
  conquered 
  it 
  with 
  the 
  help 
  of 
  the 
  

   Canari, 
  who 
  served 
  as 
  guides 
  and 
  allies. 
  About 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  Pedro 
  

   de 
  Alvarado, 
  Governor 
  of 
  Guatemala, 
  landed 
  near 
  Bahia 
  de 
  Caraquez 
  

   with 
  a 
  large 
  following 
  and 
  entered 
  the 
  country 
  from 
  the 
  west, 
  crossing 
  

   the 
  lowland 
  jungles 
  and 
  ascending 
  to 
  the 
  Andean 
  plateau 
  only 
  to 
  find 
  

   Benalcazar 
  and 
  Almagro, 
  Pizzaro's 
  representatives, 
  ready 
  to 
  receive 
  

   him 
  and 
  buy 
  him 
  out. 
  The 
  first 
  Spanish 
  city 
  on 
  Ecuadorean 
  territory, 
  

   Santiago 
  de 
  Quito, 
  was 
  built 
  by 
  Almagro 
  in 
  Puruhd 
  country, 
  near 
  

   Riobamba. 
  Soon 
  afterward, 
  San 
  Francisco 
  de 
  Quito, 
  the 
  present-day 
  

   capital 
  of 
  Ecuador, 
  was 
  settled 
  by 
  Benalcazar. 
  It 
  was 
  the 
  beginning 
  

   of 
  Spanish 
  Colonial 
  rule, 
  which 
  lasted 
  into 
  the 
  19th 
  century 
  and 
  

   which 
  seriously 
  affected 
  Indian 
  life. 
  

  

  The 
  new 
  civilization 
  built 
  in 
  the 
  Andes 
  was 
  based 
  on 
  stable 
  settle- 
  

   ments 
  in 
  the 
  new 
  lands 
  and 
  their 
  exploitation 
  for 
  the 
  benefit 
  of 
  the 
  

   Crown 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  conquerors. 
  The 
  backbone 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  civilization 
  

   was 
  the 
  Indian, 
  now 
  Christianized 
  and 
  thoroughly 
  incorporated 
  into 
  

   the 
  structure 
  as 
  a 
  subordinate, 
  laboring 
  group. 
  

  

  Many 
  European 
  crops 
  were 
  introduced 
  into 
  the 
  Andes 
  and 
  all 
  

   European 
  domestic 
  animals. 
  Wheat 
  and, 
  particularly, 
  barley 
  took 
  

   very 
  well 
  to 
  the 
  new 
  environment 
  and 
  were 
  rapidly 
  adopted 
  by 
  the 
  

   Indians. 
  Horses, 
  mules, 
  cattle, 
  hogs, 
  and 
  sheep 
  were 
  acclimated, 
  

   and, 
  though 
  the 
  Indians 
  were 
  prohibited 
  from 
  owning 
  horses 
  for 
  a 
  

   long 
  time, 
  they 
  took 
  very 
  readily 
  to 
  sheep 
  and 
  chickens, 
  which 
  they 
  

   could 
  easily 
  raise 
  on 
  small 
  native 
  holdings. 
  

  

  The 
  conquerors 
  came 
  from 
  a 
  feudal 
  world 
  where 
  the 
  landed 
  gentry 
  

   formed 
  the 
  dominant 
  group 
  and 
  enjoyed 
  the 
  privileges 
  afforded 
  by 
  the 
  

   society. 
  Though 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  conquistadors 
  were 
  not 
  noblemen 
  

   themselves, 
  they 
  carried 
  in 
  heart 
  and 
  brain 
  the 
  picture 
  of 
  status 
  and 
  

   rank 
  considered 
  desirable 
  in 
  the 
  mother 
  country. 
  In 
  the 
  new 
  lands, 
  

   they 
  wanted 
  to 
  settle 
  and 
  carry 
  on 
  the 
  old 
  medieval 
  tradition 
  with 
  

  

  