﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  COLOMBIA 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  829 
  

  

  stone-carved 
  statues, 
  dressed 
  stone, 
  subterranean 
  chambers, 
  box 
  graves, 
  

  

  direct 
  burials, 
  and 
  the 
  general 
  stone-carving 
  tradition. 
  In 
  ceramic 
  

  

  features, 
  too, 
  San 
  Agustin 
  and 
  Chavin 
  are 
  both 
  characterized 
  by 
  

  

  monochrome 
  ceramics, 
  extensive 
  rim 
  variations, 
  and 
  predominant 
  

  

  incised 
  design. 
  However, 
  the 
  evidence 
  is 
  still 
  too 
  limited 
  to 
  establish 
  

  

  any 
  positive 
  connection. 
  

  

  The 
  Peruvian 
  influences 
  mentioned 
  for 
  the 
  Quimbaya 
  ceramics 
  are 
  

  

  far 
  from 
  specific. 
  The 
  Quimbaya 
  modeling 
  suggests 
  Mochica; 
  the 
  

  

  double 
  spouts, 
  Nazca; 
  and 
  the 
  three-color 
  negative 
  painting, 
  Recuay. 
  

  

  It 
  would 
  appear 
  that 
  the 
  connections, 
  if 
  any, 
  were 
  indirect 
  rather 
  than 
  

  

  direct. 
  

  

  CHRONOLOGY 
  

  

  Only 
  the 
  most 
  tentative 
  chronological 
  suggestions 
  can 
  be 
  made 
  for 
  

   Colombia 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  present 
  archeological 
  knowledge. 
  The 
  lack 
  

   of 
  stratigraphy 
  within 
  areas, 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  stylistic 
  overlap 
  between 
  

   areas, 
  and 
  the 
  general 
  paucity 
  of 
  information 
  everywhere 
  make 
  it 
  

   impossible 
  to 
  draw 
  sound 
  conclusions. 
  

  

  Most 
  authors 
  consider 
  San 
  Agustin 
  to 
  be 
  an 
  early 
  period 
  in 
  Co- 
  

   lombia. 
  The 
  culture 
  had 
  certainly 
  disappeared 
  long 
  before 
  the 
  

   Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  Furthermore, 
  the 
  suggested 
  affiliations 
  of 
  the 
  

   San 
  Agustin 
  style 
  with 
  such 
  early 
  periods 
  as 
  Chavin 
  and 
  Recuay 
  in 
  

   Peru, 
  would 
  make 
  its 
  relative 
  antiquity 
  seem 
  plausible. 
  San 
  Agustin 
  

   presents 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  local 
  characteristics 
  which 
  apparently 
  disap- 
  

   peared 
  at 
  an 
  early 
  date 
  since 
  they 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  discovered 
  in 
  other 
  

   zones 
  or 
  periods. 
  

  

  Tierradentro 
  style 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  place. 
  Since 
  the 
  San 
  Agustin 
  style 
  

   is 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  region, 
  future 
  archeological 
  work 
  should 
  certainly 
  

   verify 
  the 
  relative 
  chronological 
  positions 
  of 
  the 
  two. 
  Superficially, 
  

   it 
  seems 
  that 
  Tierradentro 
  is 
  somewhat 
  more 
  recent. 
  Actually, 
  there 
  

   is 
  little 
  similarity 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  styles, 
  and 
  in 
  no 
  case 
  could 
  Tierra- 
  

   dentro 
  be 
  called 
  a 
  later 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  San 
  Agustin 
  pattern. 
  

   Instead, 
  it 
  may 
  some 
  day 
  be 
  shown 
  to 
  represent 
  a 
  later 
  intrusion 
  into 
  

   the 
  area. 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  no 
  general 
  agreement 
  on 
  the 
  chronological 
  positions 
  of 
  the 
  

   Narifio 
  and 
  Quimbaya 
  styles. 
  They 
  might 
  both 
  be 
  placed 
  , 
  tentatively, 
  

   in 
  a 
  general 
  category 
  of 
  "Middle" 
  Periods, 
  because 
  of 
  their 
  suggested 
  

   affiliations 
  with 
  the 
  presumably 
  early 
  Tuncahuan 
  style 
  in 
  Ecuador 
  

   and 
  the 
  various 
  Early 
  Periods 
  in 
  Coastal 
  Peru. 
  Narifio 
  and 
  Quim- 
  

   baya 
  are 
  not 
  only 
  geographically 
  separated, 
  but 
  are 
  unlike 
  each 
  other 
  

   in 
  many 
  ways. 
  They 
  share 
  in 
  common, 
  however, 
  shaft-and-chamber 
  

   burials, 
  annular-base 
  open 
  bowls, 
  and 
  the 
  two- 
  and 
  three-color 
  neg- 
  

   ative 
  painting 
  technique. 
  

  

  Both 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  and 
  the 
  Tairona 
  cultures 
  were 
  in 
  existence 
  at 
  the 
  

   time 
  of 
  the 
  coming 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards, 
  and 
  so 
  can 
  be 
  classed 
  as 
  Late 
  

   Periods. 
  The 
  PichindS, 
  Quebrada 
  Seca, 
  and 
  Rfo 
  Bolo 
  complexes 
  in 
  

  

  