﻿834 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Stone 
  objects. 
  — 
  The 
  grave 
  equipment 
  includes 
  quite 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  

   stone 
  artifacts 
  of 
  which 
  small 
  chisels 
  and 
  both 
  long 
  and 
  short 
  polished 
  

   celts 
  are 
  typical. 
  There 
  are 
  also 
  straight 
  and 
  T-shaped 
  axes, 
  beads, 
  

   pounders, 
  and 
  grindstones. 
  The 
  only 
  carved 
  stones 
  associated 
  are 
  

   small 
  stone 
  statues, 
  less 
  than 
  half 
  a 
  meter 
  (18 
  in.) 
  in 
  length, 
  which 
  

   have 
  simple 
  faces 
  and 
  short 
  relief 
  arms. 
  

  

  Metal 
  objects. 
  — 
  Fabricated 
  gold 
  objects 
  demonstrate 
  certain 
  metal- 
  

   lurgical 
  skills, 
  such 
  as 
  drawing 
  of 
  wire, 
  casting 
  of 
  animal 
  figures, 
  and 
  

   hammering 
  of 
  simple 
  disks 
  and 
  plaques. 
  Copper 
  beads 
  and 
  rattles 
  

   were 
  also 
  made. 
  

  

  Only 
  rare 
  pieces 
  in 
  the 
  many 
  local 
  Narino 
  collections 
  do 
  not 
  con- 
  

   form 
  to 
  this 
  standard 
  style. 
  Across 
  the 
  mountains 
  to 
  the 
  east, 
  in 
  the 
  

   Department 
  of 
  Putumayo, 
  a 
  different 
  type 
  of 
  material 
  has 
  been 
  re- 
  

   ported, 
  but 
  so 
  far 
  remains 
  undescribed 
  in 
  detail. 
  Further 
  excavations 
  

   are 
  needed 
  in 
  the 
  Narino 
  region 
  to 
  reveal 
  new 
  varieties 
  of 
  materials 
  and 
  

   to 
  furnish 
  a 
  basis 
  for 
  any 
  archeological 
  chronology. 
  

  

  2. 
  UPPER 
  CAUCA 
  

  

  The 
  designation 
  "Upper 
  Cauca" 
  is 
  applied 
  to 
  the 
  wide 
  Cauca 
  River 
  

   flats 
  and 
  the 
  adjacent 
  mountain 
  sections, 
  which 
  lie 
  roughly 
  between 
  

   the 
  towns 
  of 
  Cartago 
  aud 
  Popayan, 
  in 
  the 
  Departments 
  of 
  Cauca 
  and 
  

   Valle 
  del 
  Cauca. 
  The 
  modern 
  town 
  of 
  Cali 
  is 
  the 
  focal 
  center 
  of 
  this 
  

   area. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  archeological 
  evidence 
  that 
  the 
  grass-covered 
  Cauca 
  

   flats 
  were 
  occupied 
  to 
  any 
  extent 
  in 
  pre-Spanish 
  times, 
  but 
  numerous 
  

   small 
  sites 
  are 
  situated 
  on 
  the 
  hilly 
  slopes 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  small 
  mountain 
  

   valleys 
  on 
  each 
  side. 
  

  

  The 
  Upper 
  Cauca 
  differs 
  from 
  the 
  other 
  archeological 
  zones 
  of 
  

   Colombia 
  in 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  dominated 
  by 
  a 
  single 
  style. 
  Considering 
  

   the 
  central 
  location, 
  one 
  might 
  expect 
  to 
  find 
  influences 
  from 
  the 
  

   Quimbaya 
  region 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  the 
  Narino 
  region 
  to 
  the 
  south, 
  and 
  

   the 
  Tierradentro 
  region 
  to 
  the 
  southeast. 
  Certain 
  of 
  these 
  influences 
  

   do 
  occur, 
  but 
  the 
  archeological 
  picture 
  is 
  complicated 
  by 
  the 
  presence 
  

   of 
  at 
  least 
  six 
  distinctive 
  styles, 
  with 
  little 
  or 
  no 
  information 
  about 
  

   their 
  chronological 
  arrangement. 
  

  

  Like 
  so 
  many 
  other 
  sections 
  of 
  Colombia, 
  there 
  is 
  little 
  elaboration 
  

   of 
  surface 
  ruins 
  in 
  this 
  area. 
  Small 
  house 
  platforms 
  are 
  scattered 
  

   irregularly 
  around 
  the 
  mountain 
  slopes 
  and 
  along 
  the 
  ridges. 
  Graves 
  

   are 
  either 
  located 
  next 
  to 
  the 
  house 
  sites, 
  or 
  in 
  loosely 
  arranged 
  ceme- 
  

   teries. 
  Today, 
  the 
  Cauca 
  flats 
  are 
  utilized 
  for 
  commercial 
  agriculture 
  

   and 
  grazing, 
  but 
  on 
  the 
  mountain 
  slopes 
  the 
  old 
  milpa 
  pattern 
  still 
  

   persists. 
  The 
  six 
  major 
  archeological 
  styles 
  or 
  complexes 
  are 
  briefly 
  

   enumerated 
  below. 
  

  

  The 
  Rio 
  Pichinde 
  complex 
  is 
  encountered 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  west 
  of 
  

   Cali. 
  Typical 
  graves 
  have 
  square 
  shafts, 
  about 
  6 
  feet 
  (2 
  m.) 
  deep, 
  

   with 
  an 
  oval 
  chamber 
  opening 
  off 
  one 
  side 
  (fig. 
  92, 
  a). 
  Both 
  primary 
  

  

  