﻿892 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  lands" 
  on 
  their 
  opposite 
  ways 
  into 
  the 
  Magdalena 
  River 
  — 
  and 
  just 
  

   over 
  a 
  watershed 
  also 
  from 
  a 
  tributary 
  of 
  the 
  Suarez 
  River 
  — 
  this 
  

   Boyaca 
  lies 
  in 
  the 
  very 
  geographical 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  total 
  Chibca 
  habi- 
  

   tat, 
  and 
  thus 
  typifies 
  Chibcha 
  land 
  occupation 
  and 
  organization. 
  

   This 
  occupation 
  was 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  radiating 
  drainages 
  — 
  radiating 
  

   not 
  from 
  a 
  great 
  massif 
  or 
  Cordilleran 
  knot, 
  but 
  from 
  an 
  incon- 
  

   spicuous 
  point 
  slightly 
  higher 
  than 
  the 
  favored 
  cool 
  uplands. 
  The 
  

   Chibcha 
  habitat 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  bowl, 
  as 
  might 
  be 
  anticipated 
  from 
  its 
  lying 
  

   between 
  branches 
  of 
  the 
  inner 
  Cordillera, 
  but 
  a 
  convexity. 
  It 
  slopes 
  

   at 
  first 
  gently 
  away 
  on 
  all 
  sides, 
  down 
  to 
  about 
  2,500 
  m. 
  (about 
  8,200 
  

   ft.), 
  which 
  was 
  the 
  occupation 
  level 
  at 
  which 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  were 
  most 
  

   successful, 
  and 
  then 
  to 
  about 
  6,000 
  feet 
  (1,800 
  m.) 
  ; 
  beyond 
  which 
  their 
  

   utilization 
  of 
  the 
  terrain 
  was 
  peripheral, 
  atypical, 
  and 
  never 
  of 
  prime 
  

   political 
  importance. 
  

  

  This 
  fading 
  out 
  is 
  particularly 
  visible 
  in 
  the 
  northern 
  third 
  of 
  the 
  

   territory 
  ascribed 
  to 
  the 
  Chibcha. 
  In 
  the 
  northeast, 
  Sugamuxi- 
  

   Sogamoso 
  is 
  treated 
  in 
  the 
  accounts 
  as 
  if 
  it 
  had 
  been 
  a 
  respected 
  sort 
  of 
  

   Lepidus 
  in 
  the 
  triumvirate 
  with 
  Zaque 
  and 
  Zipa. 
  Just 
  north 
  of 
  it 
  was 
  

   Tundama, 
  a 
  separate 
  "realm," 
  but 
  little 
  mentioned 
  except 
  for 
  a 
  flare- 
  

   up 
  of 
  belated 
  resistance 
  to 
  the 
  Spaniards. 
  Beyond, 
  on 
  the 
  lower 
  Chica- 
  

   mocha 
  River 
  and 
  stretching 
  across 
  to 
  the 
  lower 
  Suarez 
  River 
  was 
  

   Guane 
  or 
  were 
  the 
  Guane, 
  with 
  the 
  Guanenta 
  as 
  lord, 
  who 
  are 
  heard 
  of 
  

   even 
  less. 
  By 
  some, 
  the 
  Guane 
  were 
  not 
  included 
  among 
  the 
  Chibcha. 
  

   On 
  the 
  middle 
  Suarez 
  River, 
  between 
  Guane 
  and 
  Zipa's 
  Ubate, 
  were 
  

   several 
  minor 
  "independent" 
  principalities 
  or 
  tribes. 
  

  

  The 
  total 
  length 
  of 
  ascribed 
  Chibcha 
  territory, 
  from 
  a 
  little 
  north 
  of 
  

   lat. 
  4° 
  N. 
  to 
  a 
  little 
  south 
  of 
  lat. 
  7° 
  N., 
  was 
  about 
  270 
  km. 
  (170 
  miles), 
  

   with 
  an 
  extreme 
  breadth, 
  from 
  sierra 
  to 
  sierra, 
  of 
  perhaps 
  140 
  km. 
  

   (85 
  mi.). 
  The 
  focal 
  region 
  of 
  Zipa, 
  Zaque, 
  and 
  Iraca 
  stretched 
  north- 
  

   eastward 
  from 
  somewhat 
  below 
  Bogota 
  to 
  a 
  little 
  beyond 
  Sogamoso, 
  

   all 
  within 
  200 
  km. 
  (about 
  125 
  mi.). 
  This 
  focal 
  area 
  may 
  have 
  com- 
  

   prised 
  some 
  15,000 
  km. 
  2 
  (under 
  6,000 
  sq. 
  mi.), 
  as 
  against 
  less 
  than 
  

   double 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  total 
  range. 
  

  

  POPULATION 
  

  

  What 
  the 
  population 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  estimate. 
  Span- 
  

   ish 
  accounts 
  have 
  the 
  Zipa 
  and 
  Zaque 
  fight 
  each 
  other 
  with 
  armies 
  

   of 
  50,000 
  men, 
  but 
  again 
  give 
  the 
  Zipa 
  only 
  600 
  picked 
  warriors 
  in 
  his 
  

   first 
  attack 
  on 
  Quesada's 
  166 
  conquistadors. 
  If 
  we 
  allow 
  100 
  inhab- 
  

   itants 
  to 
  the 
  square 
  mile 
  — 
  a 
  fairly 
  dense 
  population 
  without 
  cities 
  — 
  or 
  

   40 
  to 
  the 
  square 
  kilometer, 
  which 
  seems 
  a 
  reasonably 
  liberal 
  average 
  

   for 
  the 
  overall 
  of 
  the 
  range, 
  we 
  come 
  to 
  a 
  million 
  Chibcha, 
  which 
  is 
  

   perhaps 
  the 
  usual 
  estimate. 
  This 
  gives 
  each 
  person 
  about 
  6 
  acres, 
  or 
  

   2 
  to 
  3 
  hectares, 
  including 
  mountains, 
  hill 
  slopes, 
  forest, 
  swamp, 
  lakes, 
  

   and 
  other 
  nonagricultural 
  land. 
  

  

  