﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  CHIBCHA 
  — 
  KROEBER 
  893 
  

  

  The 
  census 
  of 
  1919 
  showed 
  1,103,000 
  inhabitants 
  in 
  the 
  Departments 
  

   of 
  Cundinamarca 
  and 
  Boyaca, 
  corresponding 
  to 
  ancient 
  Chibcha 
  land. 
  

   Subtraction 
  of 
  120,000 
  in 
  Bogota, 
  the 
  capital 
  of 
  the 
  present 
  nation, 
  

   leaves 
  about 
  a 
  million. 
  This 
  modern 
  figure 
  suggests 
  that 
  the 
  equiv- 
  

   alent 
  estimate 
  for 
  native 
  times 
  may 
  be 
  too 
  high 
  rather 
  than 
  too 
  low. 
  

   Four 
  centuries 
  of 
  peace, 
  with 
  improved 
  transportation 
  and 
  the 
  intro- 
  

   duction 
  of 
  livestock, 
  would 
  presumably 
  favor 
  population 
  growth. 
  

  

  Triana 
  has 
  compiled 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  1919 
  population 
  in 
  the 
  

   territory 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  caciqueships. 
  In 
  round 
  numbers, 
  they 
  run 
  as 
  

   follows: 
  Zipa 
  dominions, 
  without 
  modern 
  Bogota, 
  and 
  excluding 
  

   Guatavita, 
  300,000; 
  Zaque, 
  240,000; 
  Tundama 
  and 
  Iraca, 
  175,000; 
  

   Ubate, 
  etc., 
  on 
  Suarez, 
  135,000; 
  Guatavita, 
  125,000. 
  The 
  population 
  

   still 
  being 
  prevailingly 
  agricultural, 
  it 
  is 
  likely 
  that 
  these 
  figures 
  fairly 
  

   represent 
  the 
  relative 
  strength 
  of 
  the 
  several 
  realms. 
  

  

  NEIGHBORING 
  TRIBES 
  

  

  Chibcha 
  relations 
  with 
  most 
  of 
  their 
  neighbors 
  were 
  reasonably 
  

   amicable. 
  The 
  exceptions 
  were 
  two 
  tribes 
  of 
  Paniquitan 
  family 
  to 
  

   the 
  west 
  and 
  southwest, 
  the 
  Muzo 
  or 
  Colima 
  and 
  the 
  Panche. 
  These 
  

   inhabited 
  the 
  slope 
  between 
  the 
  Magdalena 
  Eiver 
  and 
  the 
  western 
  

   chain 
  of 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera. 
  In 
  this 
  hill-slope 
  country 
  there 
  was 
  

   little 
  opportunity 
  for 
  concentrations 
  of 
  population, 
  and 
  the 
  Muzo 
  and 
  

   Panche 
  lived 
  tribally, 
  scattered 
  in 
  small 
  settlements, 
  like 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  

   Colombians 
  in 
  a 
  hot 
  climate. 
  They 
  fought 
  both 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  and 
  each 
  

   other, 
  and 
  resisted 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  vigorously. 
  In 
  fact, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  

   had 
  more 
  trouble 
  with 
  them 
  than 
  with 
  the 
  savannah-dwelling 
  Chibcha, 
  

   whose 
  power 
  was 
  generally 
  broken 
  with 
  their 
  rulers. 
  The 
  Panche 
  and 
  

   Muzo 
  went 
  naked, 
  even 
  the 
  women, 
  deformed 
  their 
  heads, 
  had 
  no 
  

   temples 
  (adoratorios), 
  and 
  were 
  governed 
  by 
  chiefs 
  or 
  elders 
  instead 
  of 
  

   despotic 
  rulers. 
  They 
  were 
  bowmen, 
  and 
  took 
  face 
  or 
  skull 
  trophies. 
  

   They 
  had 
  the 
  repute 
  of 
  being 
  cannibals, 
  the 
  Panche 
  being 
  said 
  to 
  eat 
  

   their 
  enemies 
  and 
  their 
  own 
  first-born, 
  the 
  Muzo 
  their 
  own 
  dead. 
  

   With 
  all 
  allowance 
  for 
  exaggeration 
  and 
  maligning, 
  the 
  cultural 
  picture 
  

   is 
  of 
  a 
  very 
  distinct 
  order 
  from 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  one. 
  The 
  considerable 
  

   difference 
  in 
  habitat, 
  with 
  ensuing 
  influence 
  on 
  economy, 
  settlement, 
  

   and 
  customs, 
  probably 
  put 
  both 
  sets 
  of 
  peoples 
  at 
  a 
  disadvantage 
  in 
  

   penetrating 
  seriously 
  into 
  the 
  territory 
  of 
  the 
  other 
  — 
  much 
  as 
  between 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  and 
  the 
  Tropical 
  Forest 
  tribes 
  that 
  bordered 
  them. 
  Chibcha 
  

   commerce 
  with 
  the 
  Panche 
  went 
  on 
  between 
  and 
  probably 
  during 
  

   wars 
  — 
  by 
  a 
  sort 
  of 
  silent 
  trade. 
  

  

  As 
  for 
  the 
  other 
  Chibcha 
  neighbors, 
  some 
  of 
  whom, 
  like 
  the 
  Morcote 
  

   and 
  Tunebo 
  on 
  the 
  east, 
  spoke 
  kindred 
  languages, 
  their 
  distinctness 
  

   seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  felt 
  as 
  less 
  sharp. 
  They 
  were 
  evidently 
  more 
  back- 
  

   ward 
  and 
  less 
  organized, 
  but 
  presumably 
  shared 
  many 
  specific 
  elements 
  

   of 
  culture 
  with 
  the 
  Chibcha. 
  This 
  accords 
  with 
  their 
  terrain 
  on 
  the 
  

  

  