﻿Vol. 
  2 
  J 
  THE 
  CHIBCHA 
  — 
  KROEBER 
  897 
  

  

  Chibcha 
  country 
  and 
  people 
  had 
  been 
  distributed 
  to 
  his 
  followers 
  in 
  

   encomiendas. 
  

  

  Oppression 
  and 
  gratuitous 
  cruelty 
  kept 
  goading 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  into 
  

   hopeless 
  rebellions. 
  The 
  new 
  Zaque, 
  though 
  converted, 
  and 
  the 
  

   lords 
  of 
  Boyaca 
  and 
  Turmeque 
  and 
  others 
  were 
  executed. 
  Guatavita 
  

   rose 
  in 
  arms 
  and 
  was 
  massacred. 
  The 
  Tundama 
  was 
  overpowered 
  

   in 
  his 
  lagoon 
  fastness, 
  and 
  though 
  he 
  escaped, 
  finally 
  surrendered, 
  

   only 
  to 
  be 
  murdered 
  over 
  insufficiency 
  of 
  gold 
  tribute. 
  There 
  were 
  

   desperate 
  resistances 
  at 
  the 
  rock 
  of 
  Tausa, 
  Simijaca, 
  Ocabita, 
  and 
  

   Subachoque; 
  all 
  ended 
  in 
  slaughter. 
  By 
  the 
  end 
  of 
  1541, 
  the 
  last 
  of 
  

   the 
  Chibcha 
  had 
  submitted. 
  They 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  fought 
  better 
  in 
  the 
  

   3 
  or 
  4 
  years 
  after 
  their 
  realms 
  were 
  broken 
  than 
  in 
  defending 
  them. 
  

   Their 
  political 
  structure, 
  which 
  had 
  not 
  sufficed 
  to 
  overcome 
  even 
  

   the 
  unorganized 
  Panche, 
  failed 
  conspicuously 
  to 
  hold 
  against 
  Spanish 
  

   aggression. 
  After 
  1541 
  there 
  was 
  never 
  even 
  an 
  attempt 
  at 
  rebellion. 
  

  

  The 
  culture 
  faded 
  out 
  rapidly 
  under 
  Spanish 
  rule, 
  and 
  even 
  the 
  

   language 
  became 
  extinct 
  in 
  the 
  18th 
  century. 
  

  

  SOURCES 
  ON 
  THE 
  CHIBCHA 
  

  

  The 
  literature 
  is 
  limited, 
  and 
  authors 
  of 
  successive 
  generations 
  have 
  

   built 
  on 
  each 
  other. 
  The 
  number 
  of 
  data 
  of 
  distinct 
  original 
  source 
  

   is, 
  therefore, 
  less 
  than 
  might 
  be 
  expected, 
  and 
  some 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  flatly 
  

   contradictory 
  in 
  spots. 
  The 
  two 
  fundamental 
  sources 
  are 
  Gonzalo 
  

   Jimenez 
  de 
  Quesada, 
  resumed 
  in 
  Oviedo 
  (1851-55), 
  "Historia 
  general 
  

   y 
  natural 
  de 
  las 
  Indias," 
  book 
  26, 
  and 
  Juan 
  de 
  Castellanos, 
  "Historia 
  

   del 
  Nuevo 
  Reino 
  de 
  Granada," 
  Madrid, 
  1886. 
  Quesada 
  led 
  the 
  ex- 
  

   pedition 
  which 
  conquered 
  the 
  Chibcha, 
  and 
  Castellanos 
  began 
  as 
  a 
  

   soldier 
  in 
  the 
  Americas 
  and 
  ended 
  up 
  as 
  priest 
  at 
  Tunja 
  from 
  1561 
  to 
  

   1606. 
  He 
  wrote 
  in 
  blank 
  verse, 
  but 
  his 
  account 
  is 
  full 
  of 
  clear, 
  exact, 
  

   prosy 
  ethnography. 
  Third 
  in 
  importance 
  is 
  Fray 
  Pedro 
  Simon 
  (1882- 
  

   92), 
  who 
  came 
  to 
  Bogota 
  in 
  1604, 
  and 
  wrote 
  " 
  Noticias 
  historiales 
  de 
  las 
  

   Conquistas 
  de 
  Tierra 
  Firme," 
  the 
  fullest 
  work 
  on 
  the 
  Chibcha, 
  though 
  

   nearly 
  a 
  century 
  removed 
  from 
  native 
  condition. 
  Juan 
  Rodriguez 
  

   Fresle 
  (1859), 
  son 
  of 
  a 
  conquistador, 
  wrote 
  a 
  Relacion 
  in 
  1636. 
  He 
  

   was 
  followed 
  by 
  a 
  Bogoteno, 
  Bishop 
  Piedrahita 
  (1688), 
  "Historia 
  

   general 
  de 
  las 
  Conquistas 
  del 
  Nuevo 
  Reyno 
  de 
  Granada," 
  mostly 
  

   written 
  in 
  1666 
  in 
  Madrid, 
  but 
  published 
  in 
  Antwerp. 
  Still 
  another 
  

   Bogoteno 
  and 
  churchman, 
  Alonso 
  de 
  Zamora 
  (1930), 
  wrote 
  a 
  

   "Historia" 
  which 
  comes 
  down 
  to 
  1696. 
  The 
  anthropological 
  value 
  of 
  

   these 
  authors 
  is 
  in 
  general 
  in 
  inverse 
  relation 
  to 
  their 
  lateness. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  late 
  18th 
  century, 
  Domingo 
  Duquesne, 
  a 
  village 
  priest, 
  dis- 
  

   covered 
  a 
  Chibcha 
  calendar 
  and 
  symbolism, 
  which 
  seem 
  wholly 
  

   imaginary 
  but 
  have 
  long 
  haunted 
  the 
  literature 
  through 
  having 
  got 
  

   into 
  Humboldt 
  and 
  Acosta. 
  The 
  latter's 
  "Compendio 
  Historico" 
  

   was 
  published 
  in 
  1848. 
  Another 
  Colombian, 
  E. 
  Uricoechea, 
  in 
  1871 
  

  

  