﻿Vol.2] 
  THE 
  CHIBCHA 
  — 
  KROEBER 
  903 
  

  

  thought 
  shameless 
  because 
  they 
  spoke 
  to 
  their 
  own 
  commanders 
  eye 
  to 
  

   eye. 
  An 
  incorrigible 
  thief 
  was 
  forced 
  to 
  look 
  his 
  ruler 
  in 
  the 
  face, 
  and 
  

   then 
  was 
  let 
  go 
  as 
  humiliated 
  worse 
  than 
  by 
  death. 
  When 
  the 
  Zipa 
  

   wished 
  to 
  spit, 
  a 
  dignitary 
  knelt 
  with 
  averted 
  face 
  and 
  held 
  out 
  a 
  cloth. 
  

   No 
  messenger, 
  and 
  no 
  noble 
  even, 
  was 
  received 
  by 
  him 
  without 
  a 
  gift. 
  

   The 
  Guatavita 
  exacted 
  his 
  authorization, 
  in 
  return 
  for 
  gifts, 
  for 
  anyone 
  

   wishing 
  to 
  wear 
  a 
  cloak 
  of 
  distinctive 
  design 
  in 
  his 
  dominion. 
  Litters 
  

   were 
  sumptuary 
  furniture, 
  closely 
  restricted; 
  the 
  Zipa's 
  was 
  hung 
  with 
  

   sheets 
  of 
  gold, 
  and 
  was 
  preceded 
  by 
  attendants 
  who 
  cleared 
  the 
  path 
  

   or 
  strewed 
  it 
  with 
  cloth 
  or 
  flowers. 
  Roads 
  connected 
  the 
  rulers, 
  

   wooden 
  "palaces" 
  with 
  their 
  wooden 
  temples. 
  The 
  more 
  prominent 
  

   ones 
  had 
  bath 
  retreats: 
  the 
  Zipa 
  at 
  Tenaguasa, 
  Tabio, 
  and 
  Teusa- 
  

   quillo 
  (the 
  modern 
  Bogota) 
  ; 
  the 
  Zaque 
  at 
  Ramiriqui, 
  the 
  Iraca 
  at 
  Iza, 
  

   the 
  Guatavita 
  at 
  Guasca. 
  

  

  All 
  this 
  ostentation 
  not 
  only 
  reemphasized 
  rank, 
  but 
  demanded 
  

   economic 
  support, 
  which 
  in 
  turn 
  involved 
  tributes. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  

   were 
  disappointed 
  in 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  gold 
  they 
  were 
  able 
  to 
  seize; 
  by 
  

   their 
  standards, 
  rulers 
  so 
  absolute 
  and 
  exalted 
  should 
  have 
  had 
  more. 
  

   But 
  the 
  amount 
  was 
  considerable 
  in 
  view 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  Chibcho 
  

   imported 
  all 
  their 
  gold; 
  and 
  they 
  certainly 
  used 
  it 
  with 
  conscious 
  

   ostentation, 
  as 
  in 
  hanging 
  sheets 
  of 
  it 
  to 
  clank 
  in 
  the 
  breeze 
  in 
  front 
  

   of 
  their 
  chiefs' 
  doorways, 
  and 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  "el 
  dorado" 
  ceremony 
  of 
  Lake 
  

   Guatavita. 
  Commoners' 
  tribute 
  appears 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  in 
  cloth, 
  

   produce, 
  and 
  labor. 
  

  

  The 
  Spaniards 
  were 
  rather 
  casual 
  in 
  their 
  use 
  of 
  names 
  of 
  sites, 
  

   chiefs' 
  titles, 
  and 
  personal 
  names. 
  They 
  spoke 
  of 
  "el 
  Bacata," 
  

   though 
  this 
  was 
  a 
  town 
  or 
  district. 
  Sugamuxi, 
  on 
  the 
  contrary, 
  was 
  

   the 
  personal 
  name, 
  according 
  to 
  Castellanos, 
  of 
  the 
  Iraca, 
  but 
  sur- 
  

   vives 
  as 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  Sogamoso. 
  This 
  is 
  much 
  as 
  contemporary 
  

   Europeans 
  might 
  have 
  used 
  the 
  terms 
  Richmond 
  or 
  Navarre, 
  and 
  may 
  

   have 
  some 
  basis 
  in 
  native 
  usage, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  Spanish 
  indifference. 
  

  

  Succession 
  to 
  rule, 
  as 
  also 
  to 
  priesthood, 
  was 
  matrilineal. 
  It 
  may 
  

   well 
  have 
  been 
  so 
  in 
  the 
  population 
  at 
  large 
  also, 
  though 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  

   seem 
  to 
  be 
  silent 
  on 
  this 
  point. 
  A 
  sister's 
  oldest 
  son 
  succeeded; 
  

   failing 
  him, 
  a 
  brother. 
  It 
  is 
  specifically 
  said 
  that 
  sons 
  inherited 
  per- 
  

   sonal 
  property; 
  a 
  nephew, 
  the 
  chief's 
  office 
  (estado). 
  There 
  was 
  a 
  

   training 
  for 
  succession 
  which 
  resembles 
  that 
  for 
  priesthood. 
  The 
  

   heir 
  was 
  confined 
  for 
  about 
  6 
  years 
  in 
  a 
  temple, 
  forbidden 
  to 
  see 
  the 
  

   sun, 
  and 
  allowed 
  out 
  only 
  at 
  night. 
  He 
  abstained 
  from 
  meat, 
  salt, 
  

   pepper, 
  and 
  sexual 
  indulgence, 
  and 
  was 
  whipped 
  at 
  times. 
  At 
  Guata- 
  

   vita, 
  he 
  went 
  out 
  on 
  the 
  lake 
  in 
  a 
  raft, 
  anointed 
  with 
  gold 
  dust. 
  One 
  

   version 
  makes 
  this 
  his 
  induction, 
  another 
  a 
  recurring 
  religious 
  rite. 
  

   The 
  crown 
  prince 
  to 
  the 
  Zipa 
  ruled 
  at 
  Chfa, 
  until 
  his 
  accession. 
  It 
  is 
  

   said 
  that 
  in 
  default 
  of 
  a 
  close 
  heir, 
  the 
  Zipa 
  selected 
  his 
  successor 
  by 
  

   exposing 
  the 
  possible 
  candidates 
  naked 
  before 
  a 
  girl, 
  favoring 
  the 
  one 
  

  

  