﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  HIGHLAND 
  TRIBES, 
  S. 
  COLOMBIA 
  — 
  HERNANDEZ 
  DE 
  ALBA 
  923 
  

  

  All 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  Popayan 
  and 
  of 
  the 
  Pdez 
  in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Central 
  

   thus 
  spoke 
  closely 
  related 
  and 
  very 
  similar 
  dialects 
  which 
  were 
  often 
  

   grouped. 
  For 
  example, 
  the 
  dialects 
  of 
  the 
  Pijao, 
  Pdez, 
  Timand, 
  and 
  

   Yalcon 
  were 
  classed 
  together. 
  In 
  che 
  south, 
  an 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  Pasto 
  

   language 
  extended 
  to 
  Ecuador. 
  Between 
  the 
  Pasto 
  and 
  Pdez, 
  border- 
  

   ing 
  also 
  on 
  the 
  Pijao, 
  the 
  native 
  peoples 
  spoke 
  Quillacinga 
  and 
  

   Andaqui. 
  

  

  Of 
  all 
  these 
  languages, 
  there 
  survive 
  today 
  only 
  Pdez, 
  which 
  is 
  

   spoken 
  in 
  Tierradentro, 
  and 
  its 
  dialect, 
  Paniquitd, 
  on 
  the 
  western 
  

   slope 
  of 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Central 
  in 
  Toribio, 
  Caldono, 
  Jambalo, 
  and 
  

   in 
  parts 
  of 
  Silvia 
  and 
  Totoro. 
  Moguex 
  and 
  the 
  related 
  Totoro 
  and 
  

   Polindara 
  are 
  spoken 
  in 
  Silvia 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  regions 
  of 
  Totor6 
  and 
  

   Polindara, 
  according 
  to 
  Otero. 
  Andaqui 
  is 
  spoken 
  by 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  

   scattered 
  groups 
  surviving 
  in 
  the 
  lower 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  Caqueta 
  River. 
  

  

  HISTORY 
  

  

  After 
  Don 
  Sebastian 
  de 
  Belalcazar 
  founded 
  the 
  City 
  of 
  Quito, 
  he 
  

   sent 
  Diego 
  de 
  Tapia 
  on 
  a 
  voyage 
  of 
  exploration 
  toward 
  the 
  north 
  in 
  

   1535 
  (Otero 
  d'Costa, 
  1935 
  a). 
  This 
  expedition 
  discovered 
  the 
  new 
  

   lands 
  of 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  as 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  large 
  Quillacinga 
  River, 
  today 
  

   the 
  Carchi 
  River. 
  This 
  river 
  became 
  the 
  point 
  of 
  departure 
  for 
  im- 
  

   portant 
  travels 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  year 
  by 
  Pedro 
  de 
  Afiasco, 
  and 
  in 
  1536 
  by 
  

   Belalcazar, 
  who 
  founded 
  Cali 
  and 
  Popayan, 
  both 
  key 
  points 
  for 
  future 
  

   expeditions 
  and 
  discoveries. 
  These 
  were 
  the 
  first 
  White 
  contacts 
  

   with 
  the 
  Andean 
  tribes 
  of 
  southern 
  Colombia. 
  In 
  1538, 
  Belalcazar 
  

   undertook 
  a 
  second 
  expedition 
  from 
  Quito, 
  crossing 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  

   through 
  Pdez 
  territory 
  and 
  then 
  passing 
  among 
  the 
  Pijao 
  Indians. 
  

   Both 
  tribes 
  resisted 
  him 
  with 
  their 
  feeble 
  arms. 
  He 
  continued 
  to- 
  

   ward 
  the 
  east 
  until 
  he 
  met 
  the 
  expeditions 
  of 
  Jimenez 
  de 
  Quesada 
  and 
  

   Federman 
  at 
  Bogota. 
  With 
  the 
  foundation 
  of 
  outposts 
  by 
  Jimenez 
  

   de 
  Quesada 
  in 
  the 
  lands 
  called 
  the 
  New 
  Kingdom 
  of 
  Granada, 
  Afiasco 
  

   was 
  sent 
  back 
  to 
  found 
  Timana 
  in 
  the 
  territory 
  of 
  the 
  Timand 
  and 
  

   Yalcon. 
  This 
  city 
  was 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  base 
  for 
  communications 
  between 
  

   Peril, 
  Quito, 
  Popayan, 
  and 
  Santa 
  Fe 
  de 
  Bogota. 
  

  

  The 
  Pasto 
  and 
  Quillacinga, 
  after 
  a 
  few 
  encounters 
  with 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   soldiers, 
  in 
  which 
  they 
  always 
  suffered 
  bloody 
  defeats 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  

   weakness 
  of 
  their 
  weapons 
  (arrows, 
  lances, 
  wooden 
  swords, 
  and 
  some- 
  

   times 
  slings) 
  and 
  because 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  used 
  horses 
  and 
  hunting 
  dogs, 
  

   began 
  to 
  surrender. 
  The 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  the 
  Valley 
  of 
  Popayan, 
  who 
  

   were 
  poor 
  warriors, 
  also 
  ceased 
  to 
  struggle. 
  These 
  tribes 
  had 
  pre- 
  

   viously 
  suffered 
  the 
  Inca 
  invasion, 
  which 
  had 
  extended 
  north 
  to 
  the 
  

   Angasmayo 
  River, 
  which 
  washed 
  their 
  lands. 
  But 
  the 
  Pdez, 
  Moguex, 
  

   Andaqui, 
  and 
  Pijao, 
  thanks 
  to 
  the 
  rugged 
  mountains 
  in 
  their 
  territory 
  

   and 
  to 
  their 
  more 
  bellicose 
  character 
  and 
  better 
  organization, 
  presented 
  

   a 
  serious 
  obstacle 
  to 
  the 
  Spaniards' 
  ideal 
  route, 
  which 
  had 
  been 
  drawn 
  

  

  