﻿926 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  in 
  which 
  a 
  Spaniard 
  held 
  a 
  territory 
  occupied 
  by 
  Indians. 
  The 
  na- 
  

   tives, 
  under 
  a 
  chief 
  who 
  was 
  protected 
  by 
  the 
  White 
  authorities 
  and 
  

   who 
  made 
  contact 
  between 
  the 
  master, 
  or 
  encomendero, 
  and 
  his 
  sub- 
  

   jects, 
  had 
  to 
  give 
  a 
  certain 
  number 
  of 
  days' 
  work 
  and 
  a 
  specified 
  

   tribute 
  in 
  products 
  of 
  the 
  lands, 
  animals, 
  gold, 
  or 
  manufactures. 
  The 
  

   encomiendas 
  made 
  no 
  effort 
  to 
  Hispanicize 
  the 
  Indians, 
  but 
  continued 
  

   to 
  loot 
  and 
  massacre 
  them. 
  The 
  Indians, 
  reduced 
  to 
  utter 
  misery, 
  

   gave 
  up 
  all 
  their 
  artistic 
  and 
  industrial 
  activities, 
  and 
  devoted 
  the 
  

   greater 
  part 
  of 
  their 
  time 
  to 
  the 
  service 
  of 
  the 
  master 
  or 
  to 
  seeking 
  

   products 
  to 
  pay 
  the 
  obligatory 
  tribute. 
  To 
  remedy 
  this 
  situation, 
  the 
  

   Spanish 
  Crown 
  decreed 
  the 
  native 
  "parcialidad," 
  giving 
  surviving 
  

   groups 
  reservations 
  and 
  prohibiting 
  their 
  employment 
  in 
  transporting 
  

   men 
  and 
  goods 
  over 
  the 
  highways. 
  This 
  reform 
  was 
  never 
  entirely 
  

   carried 
  out, 
  however, 
  and 
  the 
  Indians, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  having 
  their 
  own 
  

   government, 
  the 
  cabildo 
  or 
  Indian 
  council, 
  continued 
  in 
  servitude 
  

   or 
  debt 
  slavery. 
  

  

  The 
  native 
  Indian 
  government 
  consisted 
  generally 
  of 
  a 
  governor, 
  

   a 
  first 
  mayor 
  (alcalde 
  mayor), 
  a 
  second 
  mayor 
  (alcalde 
  segundo), 
  a 
  

   trustee 
  (sindico 
  or 
  fiscal), 
  and 
  constables 
  (alguaciles) 
  , 
  the 
  last 
  a 
  kind 
  

   of 
  police 
  who 
  transmitted 
  to 
  the 
  people 
  the 
  orders 
  which 
  the 
  Whites 
  

   gave 
  through 
  the 
  governors 
  or 
  mayors, 
  and 
  who 
  carried 
  out 
  penalties 
  

   of 
  imprisonment, 
  of 
  placing 
  in 
  stocks, 
  and 
  whipping, 
  which 
  the 
  

   first 
  Spaniards 
  introduced 
  into 
  the 
  punishment 
  of 
  the 
  natives. 
  At 
  the 
  

   same 
  time, 
  the 
  Christianization 
  of 
  the 
  Indians 
  began. 
  It 
  succeeded 
  

   in 
  an 
  imperfect 
  way, 
  however, 
  for 
  the 
  Indian 
  attended 
  Masses, 
  ar- 
  

   ranged 
  and 
  participated 
  in 
  processions, 
  and 
  did 
  not 
  miss 
  the 
  solemn 
  

   ceremonies 
  a 
  single 
  Sunday 
  largely 
  because 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  day 
  he 
  brought 
  

   his 
  own 
  products 
  to 
  the 
  pueblo 
  for 
  sale, 
  bought 
  salt 
  or 
  meat 
  which 
  he 
  

   needed, 
  and 
  devoted 
  himself 
  to 
  drinking 
  chicha, 
  the 
  traditional 
  drink 
  

   which 
  he 
  had 
  always 
  taken 
  on 
  religious 
  or 
  social 
  occasions. 
  

  

  The 
  Indians 
  of 
  Narino, 
  descendants 
  of 
  the 
  Pasto, 
  lost 
  their 
  language 
  

   and 
  many 
  of 
  their 
  customs 
  during 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Period, 
  although 
  they 
  

   continued 
  to 
  live 
  as 
  natives 
  on 
  their 
  reservations, 
  which 
  daily 
  became 
  

   smaller 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  encroachments 
  by 
  the 
  neighboring 
  Whites 
  or 
  

   Mestizos. 
  They 
  became 
  farmers 
  with 
  small 
  landholdings 
  and, 
  oc- 
  

   casionally, 
  masons 
  in 
  the 
  cities. 
  The 
  Moguex 
  and 
  Pdez, 
  however, 
  

   retained 
  their 
  language 
  and 
  the 
  greater 
  part 
  of 
  their 
  customs. 
  Some 
  

   of 
  them, 
  especially 
  the 
  men 
  who 
  had 
  to 
  deal 
  with 
  the 
  Whites, 
  learned 
  

   a 
  little 
  Spanish, 
  and 
  they 
  continued 
  throughout 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  

   to 
  defend 
  their 
  lands 
  and 
  their 
  traditions. 
  To 
  religious 
  practices 
  in- 
  

   troduced 
  by 
  the 
  missionaries, 
  they 
  added 
  such 
  elements 
  as 
  the 
  offer 
  

   of 
  food 
  to 
  the 
  souls 
  of 
  the 
  dead. 
  They 
  added 
  to 
  the 
  Colonial 
  council 
  

   (cabildo) 
  the 
  office 
  of 
  captain, 
  an 
  official 
  who, 
  unlike 
  the 
  rest 
  of 
  the 
  

   council, 
  was 
  not 
  responsible 
  to 
  civilian 
  authorities 
  but 
  had 
  life 
  tenure, 
  

   sometimes 
  a 
  hereditary 
  position, 
  and 
  more 
  authority 
  within 
  the 
  group. 
  

  

  