﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  HIGHLAND 
  TRIBES, 
  S. 
  COLOMBIA 
  — 
  HERNANDEZ 
  DE 
  ALBA 
  927 
  

  

  The 
  captain 
  was, 
  therefore, 
  like 
  the 
  aboriginal 
  hereditary 
  cacique, 
  the 
  

   chief 
  of 
  each 
  aboriginal 
  group. 
  

  

  The 
  decrease 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  population 
  was 
  accelerated 
  until, 
  in 
  the 
  

   Province 
  of 
  Popayan, 
  according 
  to 
  "Description 
  del 
  Reyno 
  de 
  Santa 
  

   Fe 
  de 
  Bogota," 
  by 
  Francisco 
  Silvestre 
  (1927), 
  there 
  were 
  in 
  1789 
  only 
  

   64,463 
  inhabitants— 
  3,603 
  families 
  of 
  Whites, 
  6,022 
  of 
  Indians, 
  4,793 
  

   of 
  freemen 
  (Negroes), 
  and 
  3,247 
  slaves 
  (Negroes), 
  who 
  worked 
  in 
  the 
  

   mines 
  and 
  haciendas 
  and 
  replaced 
  the 
  Indians, 
  who 
  were 
  disappearing. 
  

   When 
  the 
  revolution 
  against 
  Spain 
  began, 
  the 
  various 
  groups 
  of 
  In- 
  

   dians 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  behaved 
  very 
  differently, 
  each 
  according 
  to 
  the 
  

   disposition 
  previously 
  shown. 
  The 
  Pasto 
  followed 
  the 
  Spanish 
  troops, 
  

   forming 
  a 
  royalist 
  unit 
  that 
  was 
  difficult 
  to 
  conquer, 
  whereas 
  the 
  Pdez 
  

   took 
  the 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Republic 
  and 
  were 
  led 
  by 
  the 
  celebrated 
  Indian 
  

   Chief, 
  Gregorio 
  Calambas, 
  who 
  was 
  shot 
  by 
  Warleta, 
  and 
  thus 
  became 
  

   a 
  martyr 
  of 
  Colombian 
  Independence. 
  

  

  With 
  the 
  consolidation 
  of 
  the 
  Republic, 
  the 
  laws 
  of 
  Colombia 
  es- 
  

   tablished 
  reservations 
  for 
  the 
  Indians, 
  but 
  the 
  neglect 
  and 
  exploitation 
  

   characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  continued, 
  and 
  there 
  were 
  only 
  

   a 
  few 
  missions. 
  There 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  contemplated 
  until 
  now 
  any 
  

   economic, 
  cultural, 
  or 
  sanitary 
  betterment 
  of 
  these 
  natives. 
  Most 
  of 
  

   them 
  finally 
  have 
  disappeared, 
  vanquished 
  by 
  diseases, 
  by 
  economic 
  

   want, 
  which 
  the 
  new 
  necessities 
  created 
  and 
  contact 
  with 
  civili- 
  

   zation 
  aggravated, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  shrinkage 
  of 
  their 
  reservation 
  lands 
  

   through 
  the 
  ambition 
  of 
  those 
  who 
  made 
  it 
  a 
  policy 
  to 
  break 
  up 
  the 
  

   native 
  communities 
  through 
  official 
  subdivision 
  of 
  their 
  lands. 
  

  

  THE 
  CULTURE 
  OF 
  THE 
  PASTO, 
  COAIQUER, 
  QUILLACINGA, 
  AND 
  

  

  POPAYANENSE 
  

  

  The 
  Pasto 
  or 
  Coaiquer, 
  the 
  Quillacinga, 
  and 
  the 
  Popayanense 
  

   formed 
  a 
  culturally 
  homogeneous 
  group 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  

   and 
  later 
  experienced 
  very 
  similar 
  acculturation. 
  

  

  SUBSISTENCE 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  Farming. 
  — 
  Subsistence 
  was 
  based 
  on 
  intensive 
  horticulture. 
  Each 
  

   family 
  had 
  its 
  own 
  small 
  fields 
  and 
  grew 
  potatoes 
  and 
  other 
  tubers, 
  

   xiquimas, 
  a 
  grain 
  which 
  Cieza 
  calls 
  cebada, 
  quinio 
  or 
  quinoa, 
  and 
  

   maize, 
  of 
  which 
  there 
  was 
  little 
  in 
  Pasto 
  territory 
  but 
  much 
  elsewhere. 
  

  

  A 
  simple, 
  pointed 
  stick 
  is 
  used 
  today 
  in 
  Narifio 
  for 
  planting. 
  

  

  The 
  historians 
  do 
  not 
  mention 
  communal 
  work 
  in 
  agriculture, 
  but 
  

   probably 
  it 
  was 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  labor 
  loans 
  (minga) 
  be- 
  

   tween 
  individuals, 
  as 
  today 
  in 
  Narifio 
  and 
  Cauca. 
  The 
  beneficiary 
  

   of 
  help 
  in 
  harvesting 
  crops 
  has 
  to 
  give 
  each 
  helper 
  a 
  basketful 
  of 
  

   the 
  produce, 
  a 
  form 
  of 
  compensation 
  called 
  "chinde." 
  He 
  is 
  also 
  

   obligated 
  to 
  give 
  similar 
  help 
  to 
  the 
  others. 
  This 
  communal 
  labor 
  

   is 
  more 
  solemn 
  when 
  the 
  Indians 
  work 
  and 
  plant 
  the 
  lands 
  of 
  the 
  

  

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