Progress of Geology. 15 
the same lower band, with a few intercalated courses of lime- 
stone, swells out into enormous thicknesses and even constitutes 
lofty ridges, 
In Russia the series of this age puts on very different mineral 
arrangement. There the calcareous bands, containing the ve 
same species of shells as the magnesian limestone of Germany 
and Britain, are intercalated with pebble-beds, sandstones, marls, 
and copper-ores, so that, although the same lithological order 
does not prevail as in the Saxon or typical Permian country of 
the elder German geologists, the group is, through its fossil 
types, unquestionably the same. It was from the observation 
of this fact, and from seeing that these deposits, so mixed up, 
yet so clearly correlated by their animal and vegetable relics, 
and all superposed to the Carboniferous system, occupied a 
gion twice as large as the British Isles, in which the varieties of 
structure are best seen, in the government of Perm, that I pro- 
posed in 1841, that the whole group should have the name of 
“ Permian.” 
Of late years various British authors, including King, How: 
and others, have ably described the fossil shells of this deposit 
as it exists on the eastern side of the Penine chain ; and recent] 
Mr. Kirkby has produced a carefully written and well-considered 
memoir, showing the relations of the whole group, by comparing 
its structure and paleontological contents in Durham with those 
in South Yorkshire. Whilst, in addition, my associates of the 
Geological Survey, particularly Mr. Aveline, have been care- 
fully delineating the area of these beds in their northern range 
from Nottingham through Yorkshire, much yet remains to be 
done in correlating the Permian rocks lying to the west of the 
Penine ridge, or where we are now assembled, with their eastern 
equivalents. 
Already, however, great strides have been made towards this 
desirable end. Thus, Mr. Binney has indicated the succession 
in the neighborhood of Manchester, and has shown us that there 
some of the characteristic fossils of the eastern magnesian lime- 
stone, exist in red marl and limestones subordinate thereto, and 
that these are clearly underlaid by other red sandstones, shales, 
and limestones, whic Lower Permian. He has fur- 
ther followed these Lower Permian beds to the west and north- 
west, and finds them expanding into considerable thicknesses at 
Astley, Scarrisbrick, and other places where they overlie the 
coal measures, and he has also traced them into Westmoreland, 
Cumberland and Dumfriesshire. In the last case he went far to 
prove that which I suggested many years ago, that the red sand- 
stones of Dumfriesshire containing the large footprints of chelo- 
nians, as described by Sir W. Jardine, are of Lower Permian age. 
This view of the relations of the Permian rocks of the 
