58 Dr. L. J. Sanford on the Gorilla. 
orly to the other toes—according to Owen it diverges from them, 
in the latter animal, at an angle of 60° from the axis of the 
foot; hence the feet are well adapted to grasping and climb- 
in he small size of the foot, and its articulation with the 
leg at the expense of the heel in the apes, excepting only the 
gorilla, present other hindrances to upright walking. The go- 
rilla has a well formed heel, and a foot so large that it exceeds 
the hand in size,—herein, he obtains another human character- 
istic. The contrary relationship between the two organs, sub-- 
sists in other apes. 
For the various reasons above set forth, we now assert, without 
hesitation, that the mode of progression in the anthropoid 
apes, the gorilla included, is on all fours; they may assume at 
will, in the case of many species, an upright posture, and even 
may be able in some instances, to maintain it a short time in 
walking or rather waddling, but their true method of locomotion 
is quadrupedal. ; 
he anthropoid apes take rank in relation to man, according 
to the degree of approach of their skeletons to his. By this cri- 
terion the gorilla has a high, perhaps the highest position, His 
skull as we have seen, has fewer human resemblances than those 
of some other species, but in the rest of his bony framework he 
- stands much nearer the archetype. A comparison of the entire 
skeleton, among the series, leaves us in some doubt as to the ex- 
act place he should occupy. Professors Wyman and St. Hilaire 
put the ag Na first, and the gorilla second; while Prof. Owen 
states, that the tailless quadrumana recede from the human type, 
in the following order: viz. gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-cetan, 
bon 
The muscular system of the apes, throughout its entire struc- 
ture and arrangement, conforms very closely to that of man. 
also the structure and form of the lungs and heart, and the dis- 
tribution of the blood vessels and nerves, are all but identical with 
the corresponding organs in man. But the brain, thou 
the elliptic form of its human congener, differs from it consid- 
erably in size* and points of structure. In bulk, and in the 
number and size of its convolutions, the discrepancy is great. 
The cerebellum, relatively to the cerebrum, is larger than in man. 
This disparity of size, consequent upon the larger cerebellum, 18 
a characteristic of the brute creation, and it increases up to 4 
certain limit, as we recede from man in a descending series. It 
is indicative of excessive animalism, or rather of a preponderance 
of the purely animal functions. 
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* The weight of brain, in a full illa, is from 10 ounces to 12 ounces, 
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ds 1 ounce, to 3 pounds 9 ounces 4 drams, 
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