baséd on the principle of Cephalization.—Herbivores. 168 
even stronger than, the vird; and, at the same time, the ji/th is 
as strong as, or stronger than, the second, if both are not alto- 
gether wanting; while the jirst is obsolete. The examples in- 
clude all the so-called paradigitate species, as the Hog, Stag, Ox, 
etc,, in which the toes are equal (or approximately so) in pairs, 
the larger pair consisting of the third and fourth toes, and the 
other, of the second and fifth. In the common Ox, the fourth toe 
appears to exceed slightly the third in size, and so also, the 
rudimentary fifth the second. In the Hog, also, the jourth toe is 
sometimes a little the largest. 
is sthenic distinction. partially fails among degradational 
forms, such as the Seals, Sirenians and Cetaceans, in which the 
structure is so far degenerated that this delicate mark of grade 
has not its full normal exhibition. _ 
8. Distinction depending on the existence, or not, of a power-organ 
to aid in feeding, additional to those of the jaws.—Carnivores have, 
as one of their characteristics, organs apart from the teeth to aid 
in seizing or gathering their food. Amon Herbivores, the 
Elephant has an organ of prehension of great power and per- 
fection in the trunk or elongated nose. ‘he Tapirs and Hogs 
have also an elongated nose, which, although incapable. of pre- 
hension, except toa slight degree in the former, is a power-organ 
essential to the animal for the collection of its food. The Rin- 
noceros has a nose-horn serving in the same way. The nose is 
thus in all these groups, from the Elephant to the lowest of the 
The Horses and the Ruminants feed themselves by grazing, 
using their lips, teeth and tongue for the purpose, but having no 
id from the nose. | 
4, Distinction of gross-amplificate and long-amplificate.— Gross- 
i 1 enlargement of the structure 
. . . 
amplification consists in a genera 
skeleton and in its fleshy covering ; and when in the latter it is 
often apparent in the production of an abnormal amount of fat 
over the body. This fatty overgrowth is the lowest grade of 
Long-amplification is exhibited in an increased proportional 
length of the body and its limbs or members, involving in 
Vertebrates an elongation of the bony structure. 
The gross-amplificate terrestrial Herbivores are those of the 
Elephant, Tapir and Hog groups, 10 which there is little differ- 
ence in the proportions of the body from those of the Carnivores. 
