164 Dana on the Classification of Animals 
it is independent of any in the limbs. : Ge 
The Bovine species are examples of gross-amplification on 4 
long-amplificate structure. on 
The long-amplificate species include all the Ruminants, togethet 
with the Solipeds or species of the Horse-family among the Non- 
ruminants. ee 
This long-amplification is exhibited prominently in the limb, — 
neck and head. ae 
(1.) Jn the limbs.—As in other cases, it is manifested mos 
strikingly toward the circumferential limits of the system. + 
humerus shows no elongation, and is often even shorter, a8 com 
pared with the size of the body, in these amplificate species that 
in more typical kinds. Below the humerus, amplification 8 
apparent in the fact that the radius exceeds in length the hume 
Tus; it is still more manifest in the great elongation of the bones 
below, especially the metacarpals and phalanges, the former 
alone being sometimes as long as the radius. The same general 
facts are true of the hind-limb. Owing to this extension of the 
extremities, the joint which seems like the knee in the leg o® 
Horse, Deer, Ox, etc. is really the commencement of the foot 
than the humerus; and the cannon-bone is two-thirds as vier: 
the radius. In the Camel the proportions are not very WY 
little more than one-fifth of the whole limb (measured, 281207 
Horse, from the commencement of the humerus to the aa 
of the digits); the radius is one-half longer than the bu reais 
and the cannon-bone, or metacarpal, is as long as the ™ Tar 
The facts strongly contrast with those among the Elephant, eel 
pir and Hog groups, the humerus in these species being | , and 
one-third and four-ninths of the length of the whole lim), 
longer than the radius, ms 
t would seem, therefore, that the length of the humerus a 
a standa 
struct 
