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Capt. Koschkuil on the Caucasus, 215 
The country which separates the Black sea and the sea of 
Azoff from the Caspian, and at the same time connects the 
south of Russia with Asia Minor and the northern part of Per- 
sia, is generally called the Isthmus of the Caucasus, It lies 
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tain chains were exerted in several directions, forming what 
must be classified as principal and subordinate lines of up- 
heaval, The directions of the principal lines are, 1st, from 
north-northwest to south-southeast. ‘This is the trend of the 
gteat chain of the Caucasus of which the extremities form the 
peninsula of Taman on the north-west and Apscheron on the 
southeast, the latter extending into the Caspian sea. A line 
elevation having the same direction in the southern part of 
Ist us is known as the Little Caucasus. 
ot direction, from north-northeast to south-southwest. 
is line is marked by the chain of mountains which bears the 
et of Karthlo-Imeritia and connects the principal chain of 
i sthmus with the Little Caucasus between 41° 40’ and 42° 
> north latitude, and 60° 40’ and 61° 40’ east longitude. Axes 
ve vation having this trend are found in the southeast part of 
ic Principal chain of the Caucasus in what is known as the 
sed of Daghestan, and also in the Little Caucasus. 
‘ ae Subordinate lines of elevation are first north and south, 
“erlang on the plateau north of Mt. Elbruz, forming the 
thi ed between the Caspian and the Black sea. Axes with 
8 trend are also seen in Daghestan and the Little Caucasus. 
ond, east and west, Ranges having this bearing are seen in 
The internal forces of the earth which elevated these moun- 
the Mountains of Abkhazi, Swanethi and Imeritia, the south- 
ITS hee eee S fe es ee 
of Tanifications of the Grand Caucasus; also in the chain 
.*Nalethi which extends from the Karthlo-Imeritia moun- 
‘tains Castward to the city of Tiflis; and finally the trend is 
ela in the inferior ranges of Daghestan and the Little 
hy owledge of these bearings is not only indispensable to @ 
ables understanding of the structure of the Caucasus, but en- 
.» Ohe to comprehend the relations which this great moun- 
a Fan ovstem bears to those on the east and west of the Isthmus. 
Wing the direction of the principal range of the Caucasus 
