340 Capt. Koschkull on the Caucasus, 
These mud volcanoes generally form conical hills from 200 to 
1,000 feet in height, on the summits of which are craters with 
many cones of eruption. The diameter of the craters is some 
times considerable (as much as 700 feet). 
The ordinary and moderate action of these volcanoes is 
On the peninsula of Taman the ejections from the mud vol- 
canoes are found covering many of the mounds which contalm 
the tombs of the ancient Greek colonists who inhabited this 
region. At the other extremity of the Caucasus in May, 1861, 
an island was formed by volcanic eruptions in the Caspian 7 
between the peninsula of Abscheron and the mouth of 
Kur. In the course of a few months this island was washed 
away by the waves, the 
The thermal springs to which I have alluded, are for aa 
most part confined to the flanks of the main chain and of 
Little Caucasus. Yet they are sometimes found in the mou® 
tains at a considerable elevation. All these springs form “a 
tain groups disposed in lines parallel with the great on 
elevation. The water of the hot springs sometimes reac in 
temperature of 72° Reaumur, but in this respect as well fife 
regard to the matters held in solution, there are marked as 
ae between the different springs even when closely ap? 
ma 
The most remarkable groups of springs are on the norther® 
side of the principal Minis of iene Ist, Those north . 
t ilbruz, near the city of Pjatigorsk, interesting fut 
y 
ture of & 
the river Ere also sulphurous, with a cot salpldt spring : 
rings, and some of them very hot (72° Reaumur). 3rd 
e rive 
Reaumur. On the Kuban ; like the last 
temperature of 30° Reaumar - another near the city of F this ; 
akha; the third in the mountains of Karthlo-Imeritia; © 
