UPPER AND LOWER CRITTENDEN BEACHKS. 343 



parts east of the river, excepting only the oak-covered knoll, is 165 to 170 

 feet above lake Erie, corres})onding to a former lake level at 160 to 155 feet, 

 being thus approximately 730 feet above the sea. 



LOWER BEACHES OF LAKE WARREN. 



Third or Woodland Avenue beach. — Derived by eastward shore currents 

 from a wave-eroded surface of till with many large boulders, the third of 

 the Cleveland beaches, in their descending order, becomes well developed 

 close southeast of the intersection of West Madison avenue and Berlin 

 street as a ridge of very coarse gravel and sand, which, mostly 3 to 5 

 feet high and 10 to 15 rods wide, runs thence three-fourths of a mile east- 

 northeast to the Waverly School. Farther eastward this shore deposit 

 becomes wholly sand and is spread in a smooth swell 20 to 40 rods wide, 

 rising only two or three feet above the general expanse of the delta south- 

 ward. This phase of the old shore is crossed by Courtland street, and 

 St. Stephen's phurch, near Duke street, is on its highest part. Onward 

 east-northeasterly similar indistinct evidence of shore action during the 

 deposition of the delta is observable along the course of Lorain street, 

 and, east of the Cuyahoga, along an east-southeasterly course lying close 

 south of Woodland avenue for a distance of nearly three miles, excepting 

 that in the vicinity of Willson avenue the low beach crest passes for a 

 half mile close along the north side of Woodland avenue. Along a dis- 

 tance of 40 rods next west of the workhouse, in the southwestern angle 

 of .Woodland and East Madison avenues, this shore is conspicuously de- 

 fined by a beach ridge of sand and gravel four to eight feet above the 

 adjoining delta level. 



The crest of this beach, where it is well developed, is 115 to 120 feet 

 above lake Erie, and the surface of lake Warren at its time of formation 

 was at 112 to 115 feet, nearly, or about 685 feet above the sea. If we 

 may judge from the well marked shore erosion and beach accumulation 

 by the lake at this height in Cleveland, a shore line continuing from this 

 may be expected to be traceable long distances both to the west and 

 east. 



Fourth or Euclid Avenue beach. — Passing through the city of Cleveland, 

 nearly along the course of Detroit street and Euclid avenue, the fourth 

 definite shore line of this part of the lake Erie basin is marked along its 

 course of nearly ten miles in this city by a continuous beach ridge of sand 

 and fine gravel, excepting where it is lost for nearly a mile by the post- 

 glacial erosion of the Cuyahoga valley. On Detroit street, or within a 

 few rods either north or south, this shore has usually a small beach ridge 

 or often two, and immediately to the north there is also in part of this 



XXXIX— Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., Vol. 7, 1895. 



