410 F. p. GULLIVER — CUSPATE FORELANDS. 



currents such as has been suggested above (page 404). A large array of 

 facts point to a dominant movement from right to left along the coast, 

 stronger in some places than in others, but dominantly in one direction. 

 The few facts which appear to contradict the main hypothesis are ex- 

 plained by the secondar}^ hypotheses of tidal currents or storm move- 

 ments in the opposite direction. The forms of the cuspate points them- 

 selves suggest the backset eddies by their shoals, recurved hooks, offsets, 

 overlaps, and stream deflections. The deductive and inductive study of 

 this coast in the laboratory has suggested this explanation ; its confirma- 

 tion, extension, or rejection awaits the local observer in the field. 



OTHER EXAMPLES. 



Hatteras is a skeleton foreland ; the outline is cus})ate, but as 3'et the 

 water body included by the offshore bar is not filled with sands blown 

 by the winds and waste brought in by land and tidal streams. Lookout 

 has a smaller water body and Fear still less water to fill, while Darsser 

 cape in the Baltic is nearl}^ all land. The foreland in this last case was 

 built apparently by successive accretions, and pro])ably never was in the 

 outline stage of Hatteras. 



In small water bodies, lakes, and tideless seas the winds would originate 

 currents of smaller radius of curvature, which should in turn produce 

 smaller cuspate forelands. The cuspate points in the Danish waters are 

 probably such forelands. These are seen on the topographic maps of 

 Denmark in the following localities: Roskilde fiord (Denm., Hilderod), 

 Soen Mellem Smalandene (Denm., Saxkjobing, Vordingborg\ Lim- 

 fjorden (Denm., liOgstor), on Langeland and the islands to the west 

 (Denm., Svendborg, Nakskav, Gulstav, Faaborg), and in other localities 

 along the Danish and German coasts. 



Del Faro point, on the northeast of Sicily, projects between the current 

 in the straits of Messina and the eddy of the Tyrrhene sea (Ital., 254). 



The Bonneville cuspate forelands belong in this first class, which in- 

 cludes those cusps formed by wind-made currents, although in size and 

 contour they more nearly resemble the tidal cusps of the next class than 

 they do the Carolina forelands. They are proportional to the currents 

 which existed on the old lake and are similar in size and outline to the 

 Danish cusps. Professor Russell also reports V-bars in the fossil shores 

 of lake Lahontan.'!^ These cusps seem to have been built upward as the 

 waters of the lakes rose, but the water level never remained constant long 

 enough for the lagoons to become filled forming solid forelands, since 

 Mr Gilbert reports only a partial silting up.j 



* Monograph XI., U. S. Geological Survej^, p. 93. 

 t.Loe. cit., p. 121, pi. xviii. 



