41G F. p. GULLIVER — CUSrATE FORELANDS. 



In the eastern entrance to Magellan strait, South America, is one of 

 the largest known forelands of this class. Westward from cape Virgins 

 and south of a nipped cliff 100 to 300 feet in height projects from 5 to 6 

 miles a second Dungeness, named by some British seaman in recognition 

 of a form similar to that of the great English sand cusp (TI. 0., 443, 

 profile in view A). 



Sandy point, Magellan strait, South America (H. 0., 4o0a), is another 

 example. 



Alice point, on the bottom of the foot of the Italian boot, is a foreland 

 which shows no included marsh. Its axis, if projected across the gulf 

 of Taranto, would touch the extremity of the heel, as if its existence 

 showed the attempt of the sea to close the gulf (ItaL, 231). 



South of Rettin there is a somewhat irregular cus}) (Germ., 84). 



A cusp projects into Der Bodden from the southeastern point of Riigen 

 island (Germ., 89). 



There are several cusps inside of Frische and Kurische bars (Germ., 

 3, 8, 15, 16, 29, 48, 49, 71, 72). 



In Vejle fiord (Denm., Fredericia) there are several cuspate projections, 

 often called " Hage " or hook, whose form and position indicate eddies 

 in the tidal in and out flow. 



At the mouth of the Elbe river, west of Cuxhaven, is a low projecting 

 jioint which seems to be a foreland (Germ., 110). 



Two broad, completely filled cuspate forelands occur in the Kieler and 

 Eckernforder bays respectively (Germ., 58). Friedrichsort is built upon 

 the former, ^yhile the latter lies six kilometers east of Eckenforde. 



METHODS OF GROWTH. 



It would seem from inspection of the mai)S that it was the more com- 

 mon thing to inclose lagoons, though in some places the growth has 

 evidently begun at the mainland and progressed outward. In False 

 Dungeness harbor, or Port Angeles, some of these cuspate deposits are 

 seen which do not appear to have ever inclosed any lagoons (C. S., 646 ; 

 last edition, 6303). Three of the cusps on the inside of the Coatue spit, 

 Nantucket, have no lagoons ; but as the other two have and since they 

 are nearer the end of the spit and hence probably later formed it is quite 

 likely that the earlier formed forelands also began with lagoons (C. S., 

 Ill, 343; G. S., Nantucket, Mass.). 



Professor Shaler has ascribed these Coatue cusps to tidal whirlpools. 



He says : 



"From a superficial inspection it appears that the tidal Avaves are thro\vn into a 

 series of whirlpools, which excavate the shores between these salients and accumu- 

 late the sand on the spits." * 



* Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, no. 53, 1889, p. 13. 



