TOPOGRAPHY OP THE ISLAND 19 



has been reconstructed recently on the scale of swot horizontally and 

 twice as much vertically. It has been impossible to photograph this 

 relief for this paper, as intended. In its place plate 1 is introduced, 

 which will indicate the location of the localities alluded to sufficiently 

 for our present purposes. Besides the features already mentioned, one 

 may observe the low calcareous shelf skirting the island, mainly of coral 

 origin. This is broadest in the Ewa district, where is situated the famous 

 Pearl River harbor, and narrowest at the northwest and southeast points 

 of the island. This low-lying area represents that part of the island at 

 present capable of sustaining sugar and other agricultural industries, all 

 of them dependent on irrigation. The more elevated regions are but 

 slightly utilized for grazing purposes. 



Kaala Range 



Commencing with the older volcanic mass, mention will be made in 

 detail of its physical features, as may be gathered from the large map 

 published in 1881. Starting at its southern extremity, the first promi- 

 nent peak is Manawahua, 2,430 feet. The ground rises gradually from 

 the south and southeast sides, but more abruptly on the west. The 

 following represent the order and altitudes of the summits : Manawahua 

 first, then at a distance of a mile and a half, Maunakapu, 2,740 feet ; 

 unnamed signal station, 3,110 feet ; Pohakea pass, 1,870 feet ; Puu Kaua, 

 3,105 feet; Kanehoa, 2,720 feet, with a long spur to the northeast called 

 Maunauna, 1,772 feet ; Hapapa, 2,878 feet ; Kolekolepass, 1,590, in which 

 is located the road to Waianae ; Kamakalii ; Kalena ; Kaala, 3,686. This 

 is the central peak in the range, the very highest point being a mile far- 

 ther west, 4,030 feet, the beginning of the long northwest spur, Kamao- 

 hanui. Special altitudes for the rest of the range, 9 miles, to Kaena 

 point are not given, but the descent is gradual, falling to about 800 feet 

 at the bluff a short distance back from the railroad. 



Five prominent ridges divide the western part of the Kaala area into 

 six deep valleys, named successively Nanakuli, Lualualei, Waianae, 

 Makaha, Keaau, and Makua. The largest of these measures 6 miles 

 from the crest of the ridge to the seashore, and 3i miles in width. Each 

 of these valleys has been excavated by running streams in the usual 

 manner of subaerial erosion in elevated plateaux. The valleys are fertile, 

 fitted for the cultivation of sugar and coffee. If our attention is not too 

 much taken by these secondary mountainous spurs, one will observe the 

 presence of a precipitous escarpment on the seaward side of the central 



