PEARL RIVER SERIES 33 



nection between the kaolin of the Waipio cut, the neighborhood of Oahu 

 mill, and the railroad cut near the Ewa upper pump. At this locality 

 the lava is in part vesicular, in sheets, very much decayed. Following 

 the railroad to the middle pump, this lava is covered by a thick layer of 

 cobbles and pebbles mixed, which continues almost to the lower pump 

 along the ravine, underlaid by what seems to be very soft lava. This is 

 on the edge of the Ewa Plantation plateau, which may be 60 feet above 

 the sea, and said to rise to 160 feet where crossed by the government road. 



Crossing over the fish pond from Waipio to John Ii's tomb, the rock, is 

 calcareous with fossil shells, either D or G of the section. East of the 

 Waipio cut along the railroad we see first the upper red earth, and then be- 

 neath the same pebbly layer seen in the Ewa ravine. Going west from 

 Waipio, at Hoaeae station is a cut in the red earth, cut by two vertical 

 dikes of sand. About a mile west of Hoaeae there are excavations show- 

 ing a thick earth covered by the pebbly deposit unconformably, and both 

 by loam. A dike of sand extends downward from the pebbles into the 

 earth. 



South from the Waipio cut on the peninsula a calcareous sandstone is 

 found at the south edge of Eo pond. Near Hanalea pond is a large 

 quantity of marl, and possibly kaolin, G and perhaps F of the section. 

 At the southwest corner of Hanalea pond is an abundance of limestone 

 with fossil shells and corals. East of this pond the rock appears more 

 like the ordinary reef. 



Near Ewa church, northeast from Waipio, the section is more of a 

 volcanic character. At the base is an unaltered basalt of the agglom- 

 erate kind, consisting of large stones or spherules, cemented by a red- 

 dish material, which is apparently the result of decomposition of the 

 original rock, for there is every grade of transition, from the compact 

 unaltered rock to that containing spherules and that which is entirely a 

 soft earth. There are bunches or areas of the hard basalt in the midst 

 of the softer varieties, and this difference in what seems to be one layer 

 is analogous to variations in the character of the rock at the living vol- 

 cano. The gases inducing decay are abundant in certain spots and ab- 

 sent from others. The boulders weather concentrically, and are of the 

 same kind with what are often strewed over fields, like the ice-carried 

 stones of glaciated regions. Above this are a few layers of what is very 

 near hematite, a known decomposition product of lava. This is cov- 

 ered by earth, and that by a mixture of sand, earth, and rubble. The 

 hill or plateau is capped by red and yellow earths, each a fathom or 

 more in thickness. The total thickness must be 60 or 70 feet. 



From the Laeloa craters across to the eastern part of the Honolulu 

 sugar plantation or to Halawa station on the railroad the surface is 



