218 FORAMINIFERA OF THE CRAG. 



NoDOSARiA EAPHANiSTRUM, var., lidem, 1886. Ibid., p. 749, pi. xiv, fig. 3S. 



— POLYGONA, lidem, 1886. Ibid., p. 749, pi. xv, figs. 2 — 4. 



— RAPHANiSTRUM, Fomasiiii, 1886. Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.,vol. v, pp. 146, 



147, 148, 193, 194. 



— — Haeusler, 1890. Abhandl. Schweiz. Pal. Ges., vol. 



xvii, p. 101, pi. xiii, figs. 82—85, 

 89, 96 (with few ribs ; fragments 

 and young). 



— — Fornasini, 1894. Mem. E. Accad. Sci. Istit. Bologna, 



ser. 5, vol. iv, pp. 203 and 205, 

 pi. i, figs. 50, 51 (= i\r. deiscens 

 and bacillum, Costa). 



— — De Amicis, 1895. Nat. Sicil., Ann. xiv, pp. 30 and 61. 



Characters. — This, when in good condition, is the longest, straightest, and 

 most symmetrical of the costate Nodosarise. Shorter forms approach, and indeed 

 pass into N. raphanus, becoming broader in some parts of the shell than in others. 

 Many individuals commenced growth with a large primordial segment (megalo- 

 spheric or form " A " — see above, p. 90) ; and others with a small beginning 

 (microspheric, or form " B") have the shell tapering backwards or downwards to 

 a point. These features, as well as irregularities of growth, have influenced the 

 giving of names to a great extent. When the shell has grown with a curvature it 

 becomes aDentalina; when the excentricity brings the stolon more to one side 

 than the other, the form becomes a Vaginulina or Marginulina, and when 

 extreme leads to Gristellaria} 



Gradational varieties of N. raphanistriim are well shown under the name 

 " Bentalina acuta, d'Orb.," and " D. polyphragma, Reuss," in ' Abhandl. K. Preuss. 

 Geol. Landesanst.,' n. s., part iii, 1891, pp. 37, 38, pi. vii, figs. 28 — 65. 



Occurrence. — Nodosaria raphanistrum, is of very rare occurrence in recent seas. 

 It has been found in the Mediterranean and Adriatic. Fossil specimens have 

 been recorded from the Lias of Yorkshire and elsewhere, the Oxford and 

 Kimmeridge Clays ; and there are corresponding forms, such as Nod. Zippei, &c., in 

 the Chalk of England, Westphalia, and Bohemia. N. raphanistrum is also known 

 in the Eocene (London Clay and Thanet Sands ^) ; the Miocene of Vienna, Italy, 

 Malaga, Malta, and San Domingo ; also in the Pliocene of Italy, and of Auckland, 

 New Zealand. In the Coralline Crag it has been found at Sutton only. 



^ This subject has often been treated of; for instance, in the 'Monthly Microsc. Journ.,' 

 vol. XV, 1876, p. 76. 



2 Mentioned in the ' Mara. Geol. Survey Gt. Brit.,' vol. iv, 1872, p. 575, but it is doubtful. 

 The allocation of this species, together with a Planorhulina and a Polymorphina, to the Woolwich 

 and Reading beds, at p. 578, is a mistake. 



