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CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN FORAMINIFERA. 



Distribution. — Bents' Quarry, near Carlops, Peebleshire, and Mount Lothian Quarry, 

 near Penicuick, Edinburghshire ; in both places, in the shales connected with the No. 2 

 Limestone of the Lower Carb. Limestone group. In the Calcaire de Namur at Flemalle 

 near Liege, Belgium, and in the Fusulina-limestone of Miatschkovo, near Moscow, 

 Russia. In most of the localities very rare. 



Genus. — Haplophragmium, Reuss. 



Spirolina (in part), d'Orbigny, Roemer, Reuss. 

 Spirolinites, Northampton, Mantell. 



Lituola (in part), d'Orbiyny, Parker and Jones, Carpenter, Brady. 

 Haplophragmium, Reuss, Karrer, Stache, Giimbel. 

 Proteonina (?), Williamson. 

 Poltmorphina (in part), Terquem. 



General characters. — Test free ; either entirely spiral and convoluted, or spiral only 

 in the earlier portion, the later segments being arranged in single rectilinear series. 

 Segments numerous, usually distinct; cavities simple, undivided. Texture arenaceous, 

 more or less rough externally. Aperture terminal, central ; simple or compound. 



As has been already stated, the distinction between Haplophragmium and Lituola, 

 in Professor Reuss's arrangement, depends upon the labyrinthic structure of the interior 

 in the latter genus as contrasted with the undivided chamber-cavities of the former. In 

 the light of recent researches upon the large arenaceous types of deep-sea Rhizopoda, 

 the significance of this peculiarity may be somewhat greater than has been hitherto 

 recognised amongst us, and in spite of some difficulty attending its adoption, it may 

 serve as a useful purpose in the subdivision of the class. 



Only a single variety of Haplophragmium has been found in the Palaeozoic 

 formations, and this does not correspond satisfactorily in minor characters with any 

 description hitherto published. 



Haplophragmium rectum, Brady. PI. VIII, figs. 8, 9. 



Involutina recta, Brady, 1869. Report Brit. Assoc., Exeter Meeting, pp. 3/9, 382. 



Characters. — Test elongate, crozier-shaped. Spiral portion depressed, relatively 

 very small, margin rounded, septa somewhat indistinct : linear portion long, gradually 

 increasing in diameter, sutures more or less excavated. Segments numerous, slightly 



