xxviii INTRODUCTION. 



Species Cervus capreolus, Linn. — The presence of a small deer, iin distinguishable 

 from the roe {C. capreolus), among the Pleistocene mammals, is proved by five jaws, 

 numerous teeth, and some antlers associated with Elejihas antiquus, reindeer, red 

 deer, bisons, and others, derived from Bleadon Cave, its antlers from that of Brixham, 

 and other remains from the lacustrine deposit of Ostend, accompanied by Blephas 

 antiqims. 



Species Cervus dicranios, Nesti. — The Rev. S. W. King has called our attention to 

 the Cervine remains obtained in the forest-bed of Cromer, and preserved in his splendid 

 collection of Mammalia. Of these, one portion of skull with bases of antlers attached proves 

 that the Cervus dicranios of the Italian Pliocenes is to be ranked amonof the British Pre- 

 glacial Mammalia. 



§ 9, r. Artio-oactyla. — Genus Sus. Species Sus scrofa ferus. — The 

 wild boar {Sus scrofa ferus) has left traces of its presence in the West of England, 

 in the caverns of Bleadon, Uphill, and Hutton. One of its small incisors and 

 a molar was obtained also from Wookey Hole IIya3na-den. It occurs also in the 

 river-gravels of Ilminster, as well as those of the Thames Valley at Ilford and 

 Brentford. 



Genus Jlipj)02)oiamus. — Species Ilijjpojjofamus major, Owen. The remains of the hippo- 

 potamus have only been found in four bone-caverns in this country — in that at Durdham 

 Down near Bristol, by Mr. Stutchbury, in association with Elephas antiquus and 

 Bhinoceros leptorhinus and other remains ; and in that of Kirkdale, along with the same 

 two species of mammalia ; in Kent's Hole cavern ; and in the Ravcnscliff cave in Gower. 

 In the river-deposits, also, it is, contrary to what one might expect from its habits, compara- 

 tively rare. Its remains are found at Grays and Ilford associated with the tichorhine, 

 leptorhine, and megarhine rhinoceroses ; at Walton and Folkestone with Elephas antiquus ; 

 at Peckham Avith E. antiquus and E. ^rimit^enius ; at Bedford with E. antiquus, the 

 tichorhine rhinoceros, and the reindeer, and at Bacton with the leptorhine^ rhinoceros ; 

 and the mammoth. Brentford, Cromer, Burfield, Overton, Alconbury, and Cropthorne, 

 are the principal localities in Britain, Avliich up to the present day have yielded the remains 

 of this member of a tropical group of mammals. Its occurrence so far north in associa- 

 tion with the reindeer, bison, and other members of a northern fauna, has led Sir Charles 

 Lyell, Bart., Mr. Prestwich, and other eminent authorities, to infer that it was defended 

 from the cold by long haii- and fur, similar to that which the discoveries in Siberia have 

 made known on the mammoth and tichorhine rhinoceros. And this inference is probably 

 true, because in existing nature we know of no animal that is exposed to a severe or even 

 temperate climate without some protection against the cold. The difference between the 

 dentition of IL major as compared with the closely allied species //. amphibius (Linn.) 

 is very small. The former, however, is characterised by its larger size, by the shortness of 

 its cranium, the posterior position of its orbits, the great elevation of the sagittal and 



