INTRODUCTION. xxxv 



3. Species Elephas [Euelephas) antiquus. Falconer. — The Elephas antiquus, like the 

 preceding species found in vast numbers in the Val d'Arno deposits is characterised by the 

 possession of narrow- crowned (steneo-coronine) molars. The enamel is crimped, and the 

 ridges in the worn crown surface present a certain amount ofmesialrhomboidal expansion. 

 The tusks are nearly straight. Its remains are found both in the bone-caverns and in river- 

 deposits. In the West of England the caverns of Bleadon and Durdham Down have 

 furnished unequivocal proofs of its coexistence in the one with the cave-bear, cave-lion, 

 and mammoth, in the other with the hippopotamus and leptorhine rhinoceros. In South 

 Wales those of Gower yielded it in association with the reindeer, and the hippopotamus, 

 and the same species of rhinoceros ; and in Yorkshire, that of Kirkdale, with the three 

 last species and the cave-hyaena, and the bison. Along the coast of Norfolk, southwards 

 round the coast of Kent and Sussex, the detached molars are frequently dredged up, and 

 between high and low water-mark on the Selsea shore the greater part of a skeleton was 

 found in association with the stumps of trees that constitute the Forest Bed of the south 

 coast. The skull, ribs, teeth, tusks, and gigantic leg bones are preserved in the 

 Chichester Museum, It is found abundantly in the low-level deposits of the Thames 

 Valley, as at Ilford, Brentford, Grays Thurrock, and Crayford. Clacton, Walton, Lexden, 

 Ostend, Happisburgh, and Thorpe, have also afforded its remains. In the Bedford 

 Gravels it is found associated with the tichorhine rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and rein- 

 deer, and in those of Folkestone with the Irish elk, the red deer, and the bison. 



4. Species E. {Euelephas) primigenius, Blum. — The mammoth is differentiated from the 

 other fossil species of the genus by the possession of the same ridge-formula as the Indian 

 elephant — 



Milk Molars. True Molars. 



4-1-8 + 12 12 + 16 + 24 



4 + 8+12 12 + 16 + (24 — 27) 



exhibiting a progression by successive increments of four ridges. The tusks are curved 

 spirally, in which point they contrast greatly with those of the preceding species. The 

 enamel is very thin and uncrimped — a point of difference between the mammoth and the 

 E. Indicus — and the ridges are very much compressed. This species is most abundantly 

 found in all the British Pleistocene deposits from the Forest Bed of Norfolk upwards. In 

 Wookey Hole Cavern it was associated with the leptorhine and tichorhine rhinoceroses, 

 and in the Thames Valley with E. antiquus, and BJiinoceros megarldnus. It is one of the 

 few Pleistocene species that have been found in Ireland. The animal must have lived in 

 Britain in vast numbers, and for a long time, as its remains are so universally found. Its 

 range was greater than any other fossil mammal — throughout Europe, north and east of 

 the Pyrenees, through France, Germany, Russia, and Siberia (where its frozen carcase 

 was found), across Behrings Straits into Russian America, and down southwards as far as 



