INTRODUCTION. xxxix 



on the shores of the Sea of Aral, in which its remains were found. In Britain it is confined 

 to the Preglacial formation of the east coast. 



The only Pleistocene formations in Britain that have yielded the five Pliocene species, 

 Elephas prisms^ E. meridionalis, R. Etruscus, R. megarhinus, and Cervus dicranios, are the 

 Preglacial deposits on the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, and the river-gravels, and brick-earths 

 of the lower part of the valley of the Thames. The precise geological age of the latter, 

 as they are deposited along a line that roughly marks the southern limit of the Glacial 

 Sea, the extension of which is marked by the Boulder-clay, is at present undetermined ; 

 but the Fauna they contain more closely resembles that of the Preglacial Forest Bed, and 

 that of the Pliocenes of the south of France and of Italy than that contained in any 

 Pleistocene deposit in Britain of Postglacial age. 



Of all the Pliocene mammalia that lived on into Pleistocene time Elephas antiquus had 

 the most extended range in Britain. To pass over the deposits in the valley of the Thames, 

 and the Preglacial beds on the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, where its remains are very 

 abundant, it is found in Kirkdale Hyaena-den associated with Hippopotamus major and 

 the leptorhine rhinoceros of Professor Owen ; at Selsea with the mammoth and horse ; 

 in the Gower Caverns with reindeer and leptorhine rhinoceros ; in Bleadon Cavern with 

 wild boar, cave-lion, cave-hyaena, wolverine, bison, and roebuck. A very large number 

 of other localities might be cited in proof of its having coexisted with most of the mam- 

 malia found either in Pleistocene caverns or river-deposits. For these we must refer to 

 the table of the range and association of the British Pleistocene mammalia that we have 

 now in hand. 



The leptorhine rhinoceros (Owen), is associated with the tichorine in Wookey Hole 

 Hysena-den, with the megarhine in the Thames Valley. Its presence in these localities, 

 as also in the caverns in Gower,^ at Kirkdale and Durdham Down prove that it also co- 

 existed with the great majority of the Pleistocene mammalia. The characteristic fossil 

 mammals of the British Pleistocene, omitting Castor trogontherium are Rhinoceros leptorhi- 

 nus, Owen, R. tichorhinus, Elephas primigenius, and Ursus spelceus. Megaceros Hibernicus 

 lived on into the Prehistoric period. 



^ 10, B. Species confined to northern climates. — The second group of Pleistocene 

 mammals now confined to the colder regions of the north, or to high altitudes in the 

 northern hemisphere, where a low temperature obtains, consists of eight. 



Gulo luscus. 

 Cervus tarandus. 

 Alces malchis. 

 Ovibos moschatus. 



Spermophilus citillus. 



„ erythogenoides (Falc). 



Lagomys spelaeus. 

 Lemmus ? 



The Cervus Bucklandi of Professor Owen, and the C. Guettardi of Baron Cuvier 



1 See * Quart. Journal of Geol. Soc.,' vol. xvi, p. 487. 1860. 'Dr. Falconer's account of Col. Wood's 

 collection.' 



