INTRODUCTION. xli 



its discovery, the next three localities in its southward and westward range, are Maidenhead, 

 in Berkshire, whence Messrs. Lubbock and Kingsley obtained two heads, described by 

 Professor Owen in 185G^ under the name of Bubalus moschatus ; the Avon, near Bath, 

 whence Mr. Moore obtained also two skulls ; and Green Street Green, in Kent. The 

 discoveries of M. Lartet^ extend its southward limit to the Department of Oise, the 

 environs of Paris, and the banks of the Vezere. Thus, the range of the musk-sheep 

 is as great, if not greater than that of the mammoth. The two running side by side 

 throughout ErancC;, Germany, Nortb Europe, and Asia, part company at Eschschultz Bay ; 

 the former ranging eastward in a living state throughout the northern shores of the 

 American continent ; the latter being found in a fossil state through Oregon, as far 

 south as the Zanesville, on the banks of the Ohio, and as far east as Rutland, in Vermont.® 



The tail-less hare [Lagomys spelcsus) of Kent's Hole and Brixham, found also by Baron 

 Cuvier in a breccia at Gibraltar, is probably that described by Pallas as a living member 

 of the Siberian Fauna, while the fossil lemming of Salisbury, and the elk or moose-deer 

 of Llandebie are at present natives of the northern parts of Asia, America, and Europe, 

 the province of the latter ending where that of the reindeer begins. The SpermopJdlus, 

 or pouched marmot, of Salisbury and the Mendip Caves, is found throughout the high 

 northern latitudes of Europe, Asia, and America ; and it inhabits also the higher districts 

 much to the south of these, where a low temperature prevails throughout the year, as the 

 Alps, the Pyrennees, the Urals, and the Rocky Mountains. Pallas mentions* it also as 

 inhabiting the water-shed of the Don and Volga, along with the Sorex {Myogalea) 

 moschatus. 



The glutton or wolverine {Gulo luscus), of Banwell, Bleadon, and Gower Caverns, 

 ranges at the present day through the colder regions of North America, inhabiting alike 

 the districts of the elk, the reindeer, and the musk-sheep, and extending as far north as 

 Melville Island, in latitude 75°. According to Audubon^ it occurs as far south as Jeffer- 

 son County, in latitude 42°-46. It ranges also throughout the northern parts of Asia 

 and Europe, living in the latter in northern Russia, Sweden, and Norway. Everywhere 

 it is the great pest of the fur-hunters, destroying both their traps and their game, and 

 tearing open their winter stores. 



"^ 10, c. Species confined to southern climates. — The third group of Pleistocene species 

 now confined to hot climates, consists of two : 



Felis spelsea, var. of F. leo. 

 Hyaena spelaea, var. of H. crocuta. 



1 'Quart. Geol. Journ.,' 1836. 



2 • Comples Rendus,' Iviii, 26. 



3 Warren 'On the Mastodon,' p. 158, Boston, 18.5.5. 



* Audubon, Richardson, Fischer, Brandt, Desmarest, Cuvier, and Pallas are the principal authorities upon 

 which the geographical distribution of the northern group of mammalia is given. 

 5 'Quadrupeds of North America' (1847), 4to, p. 211. 



/ 



