22 



PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 



Lumbar Vertebrae (Text-fig. 5). — These are sometimes five, sometimes four in 

 number. All have short, squarely truncated neural spines, that of the 1st = 15th 

 thoracic being vertical, those of the others slightly forwardly-directed. The trans- 

 verse processes of the first are small, those of the other vertebra? very wide and 

 flattened, and with their ends somewhat forwardly-directed, especially in the case 

 of the last two. The centra are slightly proccelous. The last lumbar has its trans- 

 verse processes articulating by a large rounded surface with the first sacral ; its 

 centrum is much depressed. The lumbar vertebrae of Rhinoceros differ completely 

 in the longer, narrower and more backwardly-directed neural spines and in the 

 small size of the transverse processes. While the penultimate lumbar vertebra is 

 as a rule similar to the antepenultimate, having a high neural spine, a deep centrum 

 and broad unthickened transverse processes, a specimen from Barrington collected 

 by Dr. Poignand in 1900 simulates the characters of the last vertebra, the length 

 of the neural spine and depth of the centrum are much reduced, and each transverse 

 process bears postero-ventrally a large rounded surface which articulates with the 

 end of the transverse process of the last vertebra. These rounded surfaces are 

 situated about two-thirds of the distance from the centrum to the end of the 

 transverse process. 



Measuremknts of Lumbar Vertebra. 





1st. 



2nd. 



3rd. 



4th. 



+3 ■ 



it 

 ■a 



9 V 



a? 



if 



5 »; 



K4 



C it 



B7 





fc_tt 



S to 



5^ 



■go 



to 



— 









to be 



V M 





/■ -A 



t* l- 













50 to 







CBS 



PI'S 



> s 



; -■ 

 EPS 





0- "5 



> a 



e — 



c' i 



> s 





- e> 



Sa- 



s's 



> 





*-* M 



Sc 



- U 



2 a 



% H 



•c - 



2 a 





■go 



— 



le 



*a 



|c 







T, a 













m S 









■s « 







.MSP 



71 "■' . 



T. - 



rr* 

 ■g 3 



3 = 



2. ' a 



JO ,n — 



00 - 



7, - 



5 i 





OS - 

 00 



T5 3 



= = 

 3* 





3»S 





5 s 





Sogl 



t a 





2 <D bC 



•S" 



v_ "c 



2 m " 









Jn 1 



2S 







gas 



S.g 



O 3 



2s - 



o.H 



~ s 



SB''- 



o.2 



- c 



li 



2 e = 



ga* 



N 



C 



1. Length of centrum ... 





3& 



B3.S 



S-2o 



~. 'f 



00.5 



»iiw C 



St 



BD.S 



xS 



-5? <u '*: 



86 



00 .3 



81 



8-6 



7-65 



81 



8-5 



81 



86 



935 



8-5 



8-4 



68 



7 '55 























8-9* 









2. Measurement across 





























transverse processes 



358 



440 



385 



428 



480 



48-5 



468 



47 



514 



40-0 

 44-1* 



14 6 



508 



42-5 



3. Height from mid- 





























ventral point of 





























centrum to top of 





























neural spine 



162 



19-75 



174 



17 7 



209 



17 9 



18-0 



21 



1 7 .">."> 



18-95 

 15-0* 



15-9 



20*05 



1 1-9 



4. Height of centrum at 





























posterior margin ... 



... 





59 







59 







53 



72 

 6-1* 







t-65 



* These measurements are those of the abnormal vertebra described above. 



Sacral and Caudal Vertebras (Text-figs. 6 and 7). — There are two true sacral 

 vertebrae, but the three or four anterior caudal vertebra? are ankylosed with them, 

 together forming a long sacrum, much like that of the pig and differing strongly 



