664 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 



1865 — 69. Littorina obtusata, var. ornata, Jeffreys, Brit. Couch., vol. iii, p. 357, 1865 ; vol. v, pi. lxv, 



fig. lrt, 1869. 

 1878. Littorina palliata and vars., G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., pp. 165, 358, pi. ix, fig. 9 ; 



pi. xxi, figs. 19, 2(t. 

 1892. Littorina palliata, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de Franc?, p. 187. 

 1899. Litorina palliata, Posselt, Medd. om Gr^nl., vol. xxiii, pp. 230, 358. 

 1901. Littorina palliata ?, Br0gger, Norges geol. Unders0gelse, No. 31, p. 653. 

 1910. Littorina palliata, 0yen, K. Norske Vid. Selsk. Skrift., No. 9, p. 182. 

 1910. Littorina palliata, Odhner, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Haudl., vol. vii, pp. 8, 23. 

 1915. Litorina obtusata palliata, Dautzeuberg et Fischer, Jouru. de Conch., vol. lxii. p. 107. j.l ii. fig. J-. 

 1915. Littorina obtusata palliata, Johnson, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Occ. papers, vol. vii ; Fauna of 



New England, no. 13, Mollusca, p. 121. 



Specific Characters. — -Shell small, ovato-globose, not very solid ; whorls •">, 

 slightly convex, the last ventricose, much the largest, four-fifths the total length ; 

 ornamented by excessively fine and inconspicuous spiral stria 1 ; spire very short : 

 suture slight; mouth sub-ovate, acutely angulate above; outer lip thin, much 

 expanded ; inner lip wide, covering the pillar. 



Dimensions. — L. 10 — 12 mm. B. 10 — 12 mm. 



Distribution. — Recent: British coasts — Southampton. Isle of Wight; western 

 coast of France (Locard). 



Circumpolar — Finmark, Iceland, Greenland. New England coasts — Elaine to 

 Connecticut. 



Fossil: Butleyan Crag: Butley. 



Pleistocene: Aberdeen (Jamieson), Clyde beds, Carvel Park. Canada (Dawson). 

 Christiania fiord? (Br0gger). Trondhjem (0yen). 



Remarks. — The American /,. palliata of Say, a characteristically northern and 

 circumpolar species, has been identified by most writers with the European 

 L. palliata of Forbes and Hanley and with that of Locard, although Jeffreys and 

 more recently MM. Dautzenberg and Fischer regarded it as a variety of L. obtusata. 



The Butley fossil here represented is from the Ipswich Museum, where it is 

 labelled L. palliata. It is worn and imperfect, but so far as it goes seems to 

 correspond with Gould's figure of the American shell and with some recent 

 specimens in the Holmes Collection at the Norwich Castle Museum found at 

 Southampton, the locality from which those described by Forbes and Hanley were 

 obtained. According to Prof. G. O. Sars, L. palliata is a very variable species. 

 one variety figured by him (monstr. coarctata, op. n't., pi. xxi, fig. 20) having an 

 elongated spire, flattened whorls and a slight suture, differing from the type-form 

 in every respect except its delicate and inconspicuous spiral sculpture. Our other 

 specimen is from Garvel Park. 



Littorina gibbosa, Etheridge and Bell. Plate LIII, fig. 2 I, 



1893—98. Littorina gibbosa, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. ii, p. 630, 1893; Trans. Roy 

 Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 154, pi. iii, tig. 1. 



