46 FOSSIL INSECTS OF THE BRITISH COAL MEASURES. 



Naturalists at Bonn. Audouin described the wing as that of an unknown 

 Neuropterous insect allied to Hemerobius, Semblis and especially to Gorydalis. 

 Mantell (? Audouin) described it as closely resembling a species of living Gorydalis 

 of Carolina. Swinton states that Mantell purchased the fossil at a sale of 

 Parkinson's collection, although Mantell (' Medals of Creation,' p. 554) says that 

 he "discovered" it in a nodule from Coalbrookdale. Possibly the nodule had 

 previously formed part of the Parkinson Collection. Both the figures by Mantell 

 and Murchison are badly drawn, and it was nut until 1874 that a reliable drawing 

 was published by Swinton. The latter author devoted considerable attention to 

 a " serrated vein " at the base of the wing, which he regarded as a stridulating 

 organ. He thei'efore referred the wing to the Orthoptera. and to the genus 

 Gryllacris. Scudder threw considerable doubt on Swinton's conclusions, and 

 showed that such an organ so placed could not have been of any service. As 

 we shall see later, the supposed stridulating organ is merely a torn edge of the 

 base of the wing. A study of the wing-structure convinced Scudder that the 

 wing was most closely related to the TAthomantis carbonariiis, Woodward. Being 

 generically distinct from Litkomantis, and from living types, he gave the insect 

 the generic name of Liihosialis. 



Lithosialis brongniarti (Mantell). Plate III, tig. 1 ; Text-figure 1<». 



1833. Corydalis ?, Audouin, Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. ii, Bull., p. 7. 



1836. Corydalis ?, Audouin, Buckland, Bridgewater Treatise, vol. ii, p. 77. 



1844. Corydalis brongniarti, Mantell, Medals of Creation, ed. 1, vol. ii, p. 578, ligu. 124, fig. -. 



1854. "Sialidse," Pictet, Train' de Paleontologie, ed. 2. \>. 377, pi. xl, fig. 1. 



1867. Corydalis, "allied to," Murebison, Siluria, ed. 4, p. 300, woodcut 80. 



1871. Corydalis hroinjiiiarti. Woodward, Cleol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 387 ( name only). 



1874. Corydalis brongniarti, Swinton, <4eol. Mag. [2], vol. i. p. 339, pi. xiv. 6^. 3. 



1875. Gryllacris (Corydalis) brongniarti, Woodward, G-eol. Mag. [2], vol. ii, p. 62"2. 



1876. Corydalis brongniarti, Woodward, Quart. Journ. (J-eol. Soc, vol. xx\ii, p. (> - 2. 



1880. Corydalis brongniarti, Nowalc, Jalirb. lc.lc. G-eol. Beichsanst., Wien, vol. xxx. p. 73. pi. ii, fisj 4. 



1881. Lithosialis brongniarti, Scudder, Greol. Mag. [2], vol. viii, p. 299. 



1883. Lithosialis brongniarti, Scudder, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 220. pi. xvii. figs. I, 2, 8, 9. 



1885. Protogryllacris brongniarti, Brongniart, Bull. Soc. Amis Sci. Nat. Rouen : ! . aim. xxi. p. 59. 



1893. Litkomantis brongniarti, Brongniart, Faune Entom. Terr. Prim., p. 371, tigs. 17, 18. 



1906. Lithosialis brongniarti, Handlirsch, Die Fossilen Insekten, p. 84, pi. x. fig. 13. 



Type. — A left fore-wing; British Museum (Mantell Coll., olim Parkinson Coll., 

 no. 11,619). 



Horizon and Locality. — Coal Measures ; near Coalbrookdale, Shropshire. 



Specific Characters. — Radial sector with not more than three branches; median 

 much branched, and occupying much of the distal inner wing-margin. Cubitus 

 with three divisions. Anal veins few, and very oblique. 



