74 BRITISH FOSSIL ELEPHANTS. 



a submerged forest as far west as Torquay,^ in Devonshire. A mandible with molars 

 is in the British Museum, from the Harbour of Holyhead;^ and I lately was shown 

 by Mr. Davies a humerus obtained by the Earl of Enniskillen from the Bay of 

 Galway, which is the most western point in the European distribution of the species. 



FOREIGN DISTRIBUTION. 



The Mammoth has left its remains in the valley gravels and many caverns through- 

 out France/ and has been traced to Northern Spain.* 



Dr. Falconer identified molars from the neighbourhood of Rome and northwards 

 towards the Alps, Its remains have turned up in Switzerland, Austro-Hungary, 

 Germany, the Netherlands, Holland, and Central and Northern Russia,^ but not, 

 as far as I am aware, in Denmark, Norway, nor Sweden. The identity of the species 

 whose remains have been discovered in the Crimea, Odessa, Black Sea, and Bos- 

 PHORus, together with the so-called E. Armeniacus, from Turkey in Asia, requires 

 further investigation." The close affinities of molars of the latter with those of E. Asia- 

 ticus, on the one hand, and E. Cohimhi on the other, require more extended com- 

 parisons. 



The South-European extension of the Mammoth is far greater than its cuticular cover- 

 ing has led naturalists to suppose. Falconer has confirmed its presence from deposits 

 around Rome, and I have examined molars from near Santander in Spain ; but, excepting 

 the somewhat doubtful molar referred to in the sequel, from the Black Sea, I know of no 

 instance from the lands or islands of the Mediterranean area, and its eastward extension. 



The continual discoveries of remains along the shores and river-valleys of Siberia, 

 Behrings Straits, and Alaska, are too well known to need me to make special records of 

 these localities. Until just lately European palaeontologists, reasoning from the follow- 

 ing data, believed that the Mammoth had been traced as far south as Texas. But 

 Professor Marsh, who informs me that his authority for the following statement is Dr. 

 Leidy, states that " this species does not appear to have extended east of the Rocky 

 Mountains, or south of the Columbia River, but was replaced there by the American 

 Elephant, which preferred a milder climate. Remains of the latter have been met with 

 in Canada, throughout the United Sates, and in Mexico."'^ Notwithstanding this 



1 Lyell's ' Principles of Geology,' vol. i, p. 544. 

 ^ lb., vol. i, p. 545. 



^ Cuvier, De Blainville, Lartet, Lortet, Chantre, &c. 

 * Adams, ' Journ, Geol. See. Lond.,' vol xxiii, p. 537. 



^ See Falconer's essay " On Range of Time and Earliest Headquarters of the Mammoth," ' Pal. Mem.,' 

 ii, 239, &c. ; ' Geology of Russia,' vol. i, p. 492, 



® DemidofF, ' Voy. dans la Russie Meridionale,' vol. ii ; Falconer, op. cit. 



^ " Introduction and Succession of Vertebrate Life in America. An address delivered before the 



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