ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— DENTITION. 81 



represented by numerous instances in the Museum of the University. The smallest 

 ultimate molar of the Mammoth I have seen is t/nc/c-Y)\ated. It is that shown in Pi. XIII, 

 figs. 1 and la, from Kirby, in Leicester. Several molars from Dunkirk, Northern and 

 Central France, Germany, Austria, and the Danube, in the British Museum and 

 Woodvi^ardian Museum, Cambridge, are decidedly t/dn-plaied, v^^hilst one from Moscow, 

 in the former, has t/iick enamel. 



Now, although apparently not much reliance can be placed on the state of the enamel 

 as characteristic of race, at the same time the Arctic or typical crown represented by 

 the North-Asiatic and North-American specimens, on the one hand, and Kent's Cavern 

 on the other, presents a decided contrast to the molars from Ilford on the Thames, 

 where not only is the enamel thicker, but the teeth themselves are all much smaller. 

 The same character, as will be shown in the sequel, obtained in other parts of the skeleton, 

 so that we are, at all events, fairly justified in concluding that many small-sized 

 individuals sojourned in the Valley of the Thames during the deposition of its sands, 

 clays, and gfavels, whilst the Leicester molars represent what must have been a dwarf 

 Elejjhant scarcely larger than the Elephas Mnaidriensis of Malta. Altogether these facts 

 prove much variability in dimensions of full-grown individuals. 



(5.) The external or outer surface of the flattened enamel of the plate of the 

 Mammoth grinder may be either smooth or rough, to the extent that the plane of 

 detrition presents an even edge or slightly crimped border, the latter character being 

 generally pronounced towards the middle of the plate. Indeed, the rugcB on the outer 

 surface may be scarcely defined, or so prominent that a transverse section presents the 

 above character. These variations may be noticed in individual discs of the 

 same molar and are well represented in the Plates. The outline of the enamel 

 disc is usually even, but occasionally undvdating, and the inner surface of the plate 

 is smooth. As to the degree of crimping of the machajrides, in comparison with allied 

 forms, it is not nearly so pronounced as in the Elephas antiquus, in which the crimp- 

 ing or festooning involves the entire thickness : this is not generally the case in the 

 former, the roughening being generally confined to the outer edge of the enamel. 

 The excessive crimping in the Asiatic Elephant is a marked character of its molar, 

 and although there may be no such appearance of the enamel in the tooth of 

 E. meridionalis^ it is readily distinguished from the Mammoth's, by the thickness of the 

 enamel, excess of intervening cement, and other well-developed points, which will be 

 fully noted hereafter. 



With reference to the other crown constituents, to wit, the dentine and cement : — An 

 excess or a diminution of the former does not present a remarkable feature in the molar 

 of the Mammoth. As usual in all species, the dentine of the base and the cement 

 increase in quantity with the age of the tooth ; that is, the common base is augmented 

 as the ridges are being ground completely down, and attains to considerable thickness in 

 ultimate molars, as in examples which will be referred to. The cement also increases 



