ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— MILK MOLARS. 85 



The remarkable specimen from a cavern near Zwickau, m Saxony, described and 

 figured by Kaup as the Cymatotherium antiquum} is referred to by Ealconer, who believes 

 it is the a;^^e-penultimate milk-molar of the Mammoth.^ This tooth differs from the last 

 in resembling certain molars of IE. antiquus and the Maltese Pigmy Elephants^ by 

 possessing a single, connate, compressed fang, with a groove down the sides, indicating 

 the line of partition between the fangs. It holds two plates besides an anterior and 

 posterior talon in a length of 9 millimetres (about 3 5 of an inch), which make it even 

 more diminutive than the Kent's Cavern specimen. The empty socket behind it, as 

 represented in the figure referred to, indicates the position of, possibly, the ante- as well as 

 the penultimate. This, however, is not determined. The shghtly worn tips of the 

 molars and the consolidated fang also show that it did not belong to a uterine individual. 

 Whichever tooth it may be, it is, at all events, the most diminutive Elephant's molar with 

 which I am acquainted. 



The low ridge-formula is not a character, seeing that instances oi x 2 cc are not rare in 

 other extinct, and also in the ante-penultimate milk-teeth of the recent species. But the 

 above and the Kent's Hole tooth are so excessively small in comparison with the next 

 molars described here, that, unless the ante-penultimate is subject to great discrepancy in 

 that respect, and T see no reason why such should not be the case, as it prevails in the 

 other members of the dental series, it may just be likely that they belong to the anoma- 

 lous condition represented by the African mandible referred to. At all events, the single 

 compressed and grooved fang which is sometimes present, as I have shown in the case of 

 E. antiquus and the Maltese fossil Elephant/ occurs also in E. primigenius. I have seen 

 no such instances, however, from jaws of the recent species. The above may be 

 suggestive of possible reappearances of ancestral homologies. 



Ante-penultimate or Second Milk Molar. 



An excellent representative of this member of the dental series is presented by 

 No. 1063 of the Kent's Cavern Collection, shown in Plate IX, fig. 3. It is of the upper 

 jaw and probably of the right side. The fangs are wanting, but, as demonstrated by fig. 3, 

 they are bifurcated, the larger (fig. 3 c), as usual, being the posterior. The tips of the 

 digitations of the four anterior plates (fig. 3a) being slightly detrited show the owner to have 

 been, at all events, not a uterine individual. According to Mr. Pengelly's memorandum, 

 " it was found, 21st December, 1865, in the Great Chamber in the four-foot level of cave 

 earth." The ridge-formula is a? 4 a? in 0'Sx06, showing dimensions equal to the 



1 ' Akten der Urwelt,' tab. iv, p. 11, and De Blainville's ' Osteographie,' pi. x. 



2 'Pal. Mem.,' vol. ii, p. 161. 



^ ' Monograph,' PI. I, fig. 2 ; ' Trans. Zool. Soc. Lend.,' vol. ix, pi. i, fig. 6. 



* 'Monograph on E. anticiuus,' p. 10, PI. I, figs. 2, 2a, and 'Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.,' vol. ix, p. 10, 

 pi. i, figs. 3 — 6. 



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