ELEPHAS PRIMIGENIUS.— MILK MOLARS. 89 



with the crown worn and the fangs well preserved (figs. 6, G a). In both the crown is 

 composed of three ridges (figs. 5 «, 6 a) and two talons. In fig. 5 the ridges are connected 

 together by a longitudinal secondary ridge on the inner, while they are perfectly free down to 

 their confluent bases on the outer side. The inner side of the crown presents an arc in 

 longitudinal section, while the outer is nearly flat, the widest portion being behind (fig. 5 d) 

 and the narrowest in front. In fig. 5 c the fangs are undeveloped. In fig. 6 a the crown 

 is so embedded in enamel that its structure is only suspected by a minute comparison with 

 the preceding tooth. It is supported on a stout bony pedestal composed of two connate 

 fangs, which branch off at a distance of 0'95 inch from the top of the crown at acute 

 angles to each other, the front being the smaller, as in the case of the corresponding 

 tooth in the closely allied Asiatic Elephant. I do not, however, attach any great import- 

 ance to this character, since I find the variations in the development of fangs in living 

 and extinct Mammalia very great, and especially in the milk-molars. The total length 

 of fig. 6, from the posterior fang-tip (broken) to crown, is 1"7 inch. As may be expected, 

 the ridges are smaller and the enamel thinner than in the corresponding teeth of 

 U. antiquus. 



" The first upper functional milk-molar is proved by these two specimens (figs. 7 

 and 4) to have been composed of four ridges and two talons. They are both unworn, 

 and are supported upon a base of connate fangs, proved, by the constriction shown in 

 3 A, to have been two in number and the front being the smaller, as in the lower jaw. 

 The ridges are not so coarse as in E. antiquus, and are four in number, as compared 

 wnth the three of the latter species. 



" These specimens fill a blank in the history of the dentition of the Mammoth, defined 

 by Dr. Falconer. The rest of the milk-teeth, of which some hundreds have passed 

 through my hands, offer no characters of sufficient importance to be described. 



"August 25th, 187S." 



A comparison between the dimensions of the foregoing molars and PI. IX, fig. 3, 

 from Kent's Cavern, attests the varieties in size to which these small teeth were subject 

 in the Mammoth; whilst, on the other hand, their general agreement in possessing 

 narrow plates, as compared with similar teeth of B. antiquus, E. meridionalis, and 

 E. Afrlcanus, and their affinities to the crown of the E. Asiaticus, from which they differ 

 again in greater breadth, fully support characters distinctive of molars of E. jjrimi(jenius. 



Prof. Boyd Dawkins's specimens represent four individuals ; and whilst in PL VIII, 

 figs. 5, 4, 7 belonged to newly born Elephants, as indicated by unworn ridges and 

 undeveloped fangs, fig. 6, by its well-worn crown embedded in cement and fully developed 

 roots, shows that the owner had been browsing, and the pressure scar (fig. 6 b) on 

 the heel proves that the penultimate milk-tooth was in part invaded. Although the 

 fangs are absent, or rather undeveloped, in the others, it will be observed, at all events 



